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Exam One Flashcards

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1
Q

What virus initiated the start of virology?

A

tobacco mosaic disease (TMV)

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2
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

an autoimmune reaction causing temporary paralysis due to the Zika virus

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3
Q

Why was the 2014 Ebola outbreak unprecedented?

A
  1. it changed air travel

2. changed health care protocols in the US

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4
Q

in the early 1790s, what did virus mean?

A

poison or poisonous slime

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5
Q

contemporary (current) definition of viruses

A

submicroscopic agents capable of directing their replication inside living cells but that are not cells

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6
Q

what was the original definition of viruses?

A

infectious agents that were able to pass through filters that retain or trap most known bacteria

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7
Q

are viruses smaller or bigger than bacteria?

A

smaller (100 times smaller)

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8
Q

features of viruses

A
  • extremely small

- depend on a host cell to reproduce

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9
Q

why are viruses dependent on host cells to reproduce?

A

they are too small to carry enough genetic material to code for all of the gene products necessary to assemble a virus particle. instead, it directs the host’s cellular protein synthesis machinery to synthesize viral proteins

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10
Q

the genome of a virus consists of…

A

one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA

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11
Q

the DNA or RNA of a virus can be…(single strand or double strand?)

A

either

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12
Q

Are viruses alive? Why or why not?

A

no, because they are not cells, they require a host, and they do not use energy

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13
Q

Receptor-binding protein

A
  • present on the outer surface of the virus particles

- adheres to receptors present on the surface of host cells

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14
Q

cellular receptors

A

function in processes such as chemical signaling to direct cells to divide, die, or allow certain chemicals to enter and exit

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15
Q

Chamberland porcelain ultrafilters

A

helped define viruses by separating them from bacteria

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16
Q

Bacteriophages (phages)

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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17
Q

What do we use to quantify the number of infectious bacteriophages in a given phage-containing sample?

A

bacteriophage plaque assays

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18
Q

what is a lytic infection?

A

when the host cell is lysed during phage infection

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19
Q

what is a lysogenic infection?

A

infected host cells are not lysed and do not die during infection

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20
Q

SARS

A

severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus

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21
Q

what are the steps of a lytic bacteriophage infection?

A
  1. attachment
  2. penetration
  3. biosynthesis
  4. maturation
  5. release
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22
Q

What happens during maturation?

A

New bacteriophages are assembled from the newly synthesized capsids and genomes, usually in a step-by-step process.

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23
Q

What happens during the release phase?

A

New infectious bacteriophages are released from the host cell to infect adjacent cells and begin a new cycle of replication.

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24
Q

What happens during the attachment phases?

A

phage attaches to host cell at a complementary receptor site

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25
What happens during the penetration phase?
capsid remains outside the cell while viral genome enters host cell cytoplasm
26
What happens during the biosynthesis phase?
The bacteriophage genome encodes proteins for the synthesis of new viral parts. The bacterial nucleic acid degrades.
27
What happens during the biosynthesis phase?
The bacteriophage genome encodes proteins for the synthesis of new viral parts. The bacterial nucleic acid degrades.
28
what is single-virus tracking or live cell imaging?
a microscopy method developed in 2006 in which viral components and relevant cellular structures are labeled with fluorescent probes to track the fate of individual virus particles or viral components inside of live host cells in real time
29
What is one of the earliest sources of evidence that viruses were present?
the mummy of Ramses V in 1157 BC
30
centrifugal rash
a smallpox symptom made up of distinct crusts from pustular eruptions
31
virophage
viruses that infect viruses
32
retroid viruses
viruses that use reverse transcriptase to replicate their genomes
33
obligatory mutualism
when a virus and host make a living off of each other.
34
parasitoid wasps and polydnavirus
wasps "sting" catapillars, injecting them with their eggs and the polydnavirus (which paralyzes them), this allows the eggs to mature
35
cryptic viruses
persistent viruses that establish lifelong associations with their hosts but do not cause disease in them
36
the capsid surface of the bacteriophage head is sticky because...
it contains a protein called highly antigenetic outer capsid (hoc) that binds to the Ig-like glycoproteins in the mucus of many organisms
37
what happens with bacteriophage adhering to host mucus (BAM) community?
the phages kill the potentially harmful bacteria in the mucus of metazoans
38
latency
when virus particles are not being produced
39
bacteriophage therapy
primarily used before antibiotics to treat bacterial infections
40
superbugs
bacteria that cannot be killed with strong antibiotics and instead are treated with bacteriophages
41
biofilms
bacterial communities containing different types of bacteria that attach to a surface and form a protective slime layer to resist the effects of antibiotics
42
what is the word vaccine derived from and what does it mean?
derived from vacca, the latin word for cow
43
what is the connection between milkmaids and the smallpox vaccine?
edward jenner observed that the milkmaids who had aquired cowpox from cows udders did not get smallpox
44
what do koch's postulates determine?
they determine which specific bacterium causes a specific disease
45
what is virotherapy?
the use of oncolytic viruses to kill cancer cells
46
what are oncolytic viruses?
viruses that are able to selectively replicate inside of cancer cells and kill them but do not harm neighboring healthy cells
47
portal of entry
body orifices which viruses can enter through to infect the host
48
reservoir
a place when viruses accumulate and persist in nature
49
transmission is the bridge between...
the reservoir and the portal of entry
50
direct transmission
when a viral infection is spread from person to person, through droplets, saliva, sex, etc.
51
in order for a viral infection/disease to spread within a community, there needs to be a
portal of exit
52
what is the passage of indirect transmission?
reservoir to an intermediate agent to host
53
what are examples of indirect transmission?
contaminated food, water, or fomites (among others)
54
fomites
inanimate objects that can harbor viruses
55
is the bite of an infected insect direct or indirect transmission?
indirect
56
what is pathogenesis?
the process by which a viral infection causes disease
57
apoptosis
when a viral infection causes direct damage to cells through cell death
58
cytokines
released by immune cells to promote inflammation in response to infection, which causes cell
59
explain how pathogenesis can be caused by disruption of normal cellular functions
can impair translation or inhibit the process of cell membrane trafficking
60
what is the most contagious viral disease suffered by humans?
measles
61
People are _____% virus. Explain how.
8%
62
unicellular organisms can be arranged in order of...
decreasing size and complexity (protozoa to fungi to bacteria)
63
Characters of unicellular organisms as DNA or RNA?
- DNA as genetic repository - also contain RNA - have their own machinery for producing energy and macromolecules - grow by synthesizing nucleic acid, protein, carbohydrates, and lipids - most multiply by binary fission
64
Viruses are NOT cells because...
- they possess no functional organelles - they do not produce their own energy or macromolecules - they do not contain both DNA and RNA (they contain one or the other)
65
what are virions and how are they formed?
virions are progeny infectious virus particles which are formed from newly synthesized components within the host cell
66
a progeny virion is the...
vehicle for transmission of the viral genome to the next host cell or organism
67
Who discovered microorganisms and how did they describe them?
Leeuwenhoek, who observed "wee animalcules in drops of rain or sea water"
68
What is Spontaneous Generation?
the production of living organisms from nonliving matter
69
What did Robert Koch show?
he showed the association of particular microorganisms with disease
70
What are Kochs Postulates?
1. the organism must be regularly associated with the disease and its characteristic lesions 2. the organism must be isolated from the disease host and grown in a culture 3. the disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the organism is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host 4. the same organism must be preisolated from the experimentally infected hosh
71
What did Dimitri Ivanovsky observe?
that the causative agent of tobacco mosaic disease was not retained by a filter, but he thought the filter malfunctioned.
72
In 1898, students of Koch, Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch, observed that...
- the causative agent of foot and mouth disease was filterable - the causative agent could replicate only in the host organism and did not replicate in solutions that support bacteria growth
73
Who were the first to recognize viruses that infect bacteria?
- Frederick Twort (1915) and Felix d'Herelle (1917) were the first to recognize viruses that infect bacteria. - d'Herelle called them bacteriophages (eaters of bacteria)
74
What virus is connected to cervical cancer?
papillomaviruses
75
99% of all cervical cancers test positive for...
one or more high risk type HPV
76
Liver cancer is often linked to...
hepatitis B and C viruses
77
Persistent infection with high risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV) can lead to...
development of anogenital cancer (including cervical cancer)
78
HR-HPV are considered types
16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 52, 56, 58, 59, or 68
79
Types 6 and 11 HPV are associated with...
genital warts
80
Types 16 and 18 HPV are...
oncogenic (causing development of tumors) and associated with anogenital (relating to the anus and genitals) cancer
81
Guardasil 9 protects against
HR- 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58 and 6 and 11
82
What is controversial about Guardasil 9?
it is for sexually transmitted viruses but is recommended to be given to young girls
83
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
84
When were the first cases of HIV in the US? What happened?
in 1981 when clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma were reported in young homosexual male patients in San Fran and NY
85
virion
the intact virus particle
86
capsid (or nucleocapsid)
the protein coat
87
capsomeres
the protein structural units of which the capsid is composed
88
envelope
the particles of many viruses are surrounded by a lipoprotein membrane containing viral antigens and derived from the host cell membranes
89
virus shapes
1. icosahedral 2. helical 3. complex
90
enveloped viruses acquire envelopes at...
a variety of intracellular membranes
91
the site of assembly is determined by...
the intracellular localization of envelop proteins

Virology (5 decks)

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