Exam #4: Abdominal Cavity III

Question 1

What are the functions of the kidneys?

Answer 1

• Remove excess water, salts, & wastes of protein metabolism
• Return nutrients to blood
• Regulate blood pressure & production of RBCs

Question 2

Pararenal Fat vs. Perirenal Fat

Answer 2

Perirenal= contained within renal capsule 
Pararenal= outside the renal capsule

Question 3

Describe blood supply to the kidneys.

Answer 3

1) Renal arteries branch from the aorta
2) Segmental arteries
3) Interlobular arteries
4) Arcuate arteries

Question 4

What vessel brings nutrients from the kidney back into the blood?

Answer 4

Renal vein

Question 5

Sympathetic Innervation of Kidney

Answer 5

T10-L1

Question 6

Parasymathetic Innervation of Kidney

Answer 6

Vagus & S2-S4

Question 7

What are the functions of the suprarenal (adrenal glands)?

Answer 7

• Cortex produces corticosteroids & androgens

- Medulla produces norepinephrine & epinephrine (fight or flight)

Question 8

Corticosteroids vs. Androgens

Answer 8

Corticosteroids= cortisol & aldosterone
Androgens= testosterone

Question 9

Describe the blood supply to the adrenal gland.

Answer 9

Blood supply comes from the superior, middle, & inferior suprarenal arteries

• Superior= from inferior phrenic artery
• Middle= from aorta
• Inferior= from renal artery

Question 10

What nervous system innervates the medulla of the adrenal gland? Where does these nerves synapse?

Answer 10

• Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)

- Chromaffin cells in the medulla; homologous w/ sympathetic ganglion cells

Question 11

Describe the blood supply to the diaphragm.

Answer 11

• Superior phrenic arteries branch from thoracic aorta

- Inferior phrenic arteries branch from abdominal aorta

Question 12

What is the origin of the psoas major?

Answer 12

1) Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

2) Side of vertebral bodies T12-S1

Question 13

What is the insertion of the psoas major?

Answer 13

Lesser trochanter of femur

Question 14

What innervates the psoas major?

Answer 14

Lumbar plexus via anterior branches of nerves L2-L4

Question 15

What is the action of the psoas major?

Answer 15

Inferiorly= flexes thigh
Superiorly= flexes vertebral column laterally to balance trunk 
Sitting= flexes trunk

Question 16

What is the origin of the iliacus?

Answer 16

1) Superior 2/3 of iliac fossa
2) Ala of sacrum
3) Sacro-iliac ligaments

Question 17

What is the insertion of the iliacus?

Answer 17

Lesser trochanter of femur & shaft inferior to it

Question 18

What innervates the iliacus?

Answer 18

Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

Question 19

What is the action of the iliacus?

Answer 19

Flexes thigh & stabilizes the hip joint w/ psoas major

Question 20

What is the origin of the quadratus lumborum?

Answer 20

1) Medial 1/2 of inferior border of 12th rib

2) Tips of lumbar transverse processes

Question 21

What is the insertion of the quadratus lumborum?

Answer 21

1) Iliolumbar ligament

2) Internal lip of iliac crest

Question 22

What innervates the quadratus lumborum?

Answer 22

1) Anterior branches of T12

2) L1-L4 nerves

Question 23

What is the action of the quadratus lumborum?

Answer 23

1) Extends & laterally flexes the vertebral column

2) Fixes 12th rib during inspiration

Question 24

Where does the subcostal nerve arise from?

Answer 24

Ventral rami of T12

Question 25

What does the subcostal nerve innervate?

Answer 25

1) External oblique muscle | 2) Skin of the anterolateral abdominal wall

Question 26

Where do the lumbar spinal nerves arise from?

Answer 26

L1-L5

Question 27

What do the lumbar spinal nerves innervate?

Answer 27

1) Posterior rami= deep back muscles & skin of the back | 2) Anterior rami= skin & muscles of the most inferior trunk & lower limb

Question 28

Where do the ilioinguinal & iliohypogastric nerves arise from?

Answer 28

L1

Question 29

What do the ilioinguinal & iliohypogastric nerves innervate?

Answer 29

1) Abdominal muscles | 2) Skin of the inguinal & pubic regions

Question 30

Where does the genitofemoral nerve arise from?

Answer 30

L1-L2

Question 31

What does the genitofemoral nerve innervate?

Answer 31

Skin below the inguinal ligament (including scrotum & labia)

Question 32

Where does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve arise from?

Answer 32

L2-L3

Question 33

What does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervate?

Answer 33

Anterolateral skin of thigh

Question 34

Where does the femoral nerve arise from?

Answer 34

L2-L4

Question 35

What does the femoral nerve innervate?

Answer 35

1) Iliacus 2) Hip flexors 3) Knee extensors

Question 36

Where does the obtruator nerve arise from?

Answer 36

L2-L4

Question 37

What does the obtruator nerve innervate?

Answer 37

1) Medial thigh | 2) Adductors

Question 38

Where does the lumbosacral trunk arise from?

Answer 38

L4-L5

Question 39

What does the lumbosacral trunk innervate?

Answer 39

Joins sacral plexus

Question 40

Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate? What does it bifurcate into?

Answer 40

L4 into the right & left common iliac arteries

Question 41

What is the difference between where the right & left gonadal veins drain?

Answer 41

``` Right= IVC Left= Left renal vein ```