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Neuroscience > Exam 4: Behavior > Flashcards

Exam 4: Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What are the neurotransmitters in the brain?

A 
Glutamate
GABA
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine/noradrenaline
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2
Q

Describe glutamate

A

Excitatory

When stressed, this is secreted which enhances memory

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3
Q

Describe GABA

A

Inhibitory

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4
Q

Describe dopamine

A

Reward and reinforcement

Short-term memory and problem solving

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5
Q

What are the structures in the brain that play a key role in learning?

A 
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
Amygdala
Nucleus accumbens
Prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus
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6
Q

Describe VTA

A

Found in midbrain

Release dopamine into the reward circuit

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7
Q

What is the amygdala responsible for?

A

Emotions

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8
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens responsible for?

A

Body motor function

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9
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

Focus, attention, planning

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10
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Formation of memories
Main region where learning occurs
New neurons born throughout adulthood

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11
Q

What are the different types of learning?

A

Non-associative learning

Associative learning

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12
Q

Describe non-associative learinging

A

Habituation and sensitization
One of the most widespread forms of learning
All animal shoe habituation
Response to certain stimuli is influenced by breed, species, and past experiences

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13
Q

What is habituation?

A

A decrease in responsiveness produced by repeated exposure to a novel/neutral stimulus in environment

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14
Q

What is sensitization?

A

An increase in responsiveness produced by repeated exposure to some environmental stimuli
Flooding can result in sensitization

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15
Q

What is associative learning?

A

Classical and operant conditioning

Ability to learn to perform a particular behavior when a particular stimulus is present

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16
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learned through association on a conscious or subconcious level
Involves involuntary visceral responses (salvation, vomiting, milk let down, and emotional response)
Counter conditioning

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17
Q

What is counter conditioning?

A

Process of establishing a new response to a stimulus

Often used to treat fears

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18
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Respond to consequences
Gives choices and control over environment
Long term changes
Behavior modification

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19
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of operant conditioning?

A

Positive reinforcement
Negative punishment
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment

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20
Q

Describe positive reinforcement

A

Add something good and behavior happens

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21
Q

Describe negative punishment

A

Take something away and behavior stops

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22
Q

Describe negative reinforcement

A

Take something away to increase behavior

Remove your attention

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23
Q

Describe positive punishment

A

Add something bad/unpleasant to decrease that behavior
Spray cat with water
Shock collars

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24
Q

Which of the quadrants of operant conditioning tend to have more adverse side effects?

A

Positive punishment

Negative reinforcement

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25
What is fear?
An adaptive emotional response to an existing stimulus or situation that animals perceives as potentially dangerous May be adaptive
26
Where does fear response start?
Amygdala
27
Describe the amygdala
Located in temporal cortex Considered part of the limbic system Primary site responsible for processing external and internal triggers that are fear-evoking and potentially life-threatening
28
What do anxiety, stress, and fear stimulate?
Sympathetic system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
29
Describe the autonomic fear response
Sympathetic system release NE and Epi for fight of flight response
30
Describe the hormonal fear response
Responses reinforce the autonomic response Further increase blood flow to muscles Causes nutrients stored in muscle to be converted to glucose
31
Describe the behavioral fear response
``` Muscle movement that are appropriate to the situation that elicits it Communication signals (barking, growling, lunging, showing teeth, piloerection) ```
32
What is fear conditioning?
Form of classical conditioning
33
What is the central site for fear conditioning?
Amygdala
34
What is the primary neurotransmitter in fear conditioning?
Glutamate
35
What is anxiety?
Anticipation of negative outcome
36
What is stress?
A state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances
37
What is a phobia?
Sudden excessive and profound fear Intensity is greater than a fear response Not adaptive
38
What are the risk factors for separation anxiety?
Single family homes Separation from mother and other littermate before 8 weeks Ill as puppies Genetics Dogs that have had obedience training and the trained with positive reinforcement appear to have less separation anxiety and other behavioral problems
39
What is safety and avoidance treatment for separation anxiety?
Avoid leaving him at home, create a safe haven, increase exercise
40
What is communication treatment for separation anxiety?
Cue-response reward, ignore 20 minutes before leave/ignore when return Avoid punishment
41
What are tools that can be used as treatment for separation anxiety?
``` Food puzzle toys Aromatherapy Pheromones Thunder shirt Classical music ```
42
What is behavior modification treatment for separation anxiety?
Independent exercises | Relax on a mat
43
What are medications for separation anxiety?
Paroxetine Trazadone Gabapentin
44
What are risk factors for compulsive disorder?
Genetically predisposed animals that are subjected to chronic or recurrent conflict or frustration, individuals whose behavioral needs are not met, and maternal deprivation
45
What are compulsive behaviors derived from?
Normal behaviors such as grooming, ingestion, predation, and locomotion
46
What is the primary mechanism in which compulsive disorders induced?
Abnormal serotonin transmission
47
What is the safety and avoidance treatment for compulsive disorder?
Increase enrichment
48
What is the communication treatment for compulsive disorder?
Cur-response reward | Focus and foundation exercises for redirection
49
What are the tools used for treatment of compulsive disorder?
Mat Food toys Head collar
50
What is the behavior modification treatment for compulsive disorder?
Relax on mat
51
What are the medications for compulsive disorder?
Fluoxetine | Clonidine
52
What are the risk factors for cognitive dysfunction syndrome?
Caused by physical changes to an aging dog's brain | Decreased awareness, ability to learn, and memory
53
What is the safety and avoidance treatment for cognitive dysfunction syndrome?
Safe haven Ignore attention seeking behavior Tethers Head collars
54
What is the communication treatment for cognitive dysfunction syndrome?
Cue-response reward Teach new behaviors Targeting an object Focus behavior to go to a mat
55
What are the tools used for treatment of cognitive dysfunction syndrome?
Classical music Pheromones Food dispensing toys and puzzles Ex-pen
56
What are the medications used for treatment of cognitive dysfunction syndrome?
``` Purina Neurocare Antioxidants Melatonin Lorazepam Selegiline Gabapentin ```
57
What are the risk factors for REM sleep behavior disorder?
Cause is unknown | Clinical signs during sleep are vocalization, locomotion, and aggression
58
What is the treatment for REM sleep behavior disorder?
They tried a bunch of stuff | KBr, phenobarbital, simplicef
59
What are risk factors for redirected aggression?
Fear based Bottle fed Genetics Mother stress
60
What is the treatment for redirected aggression?
``` Crate train Enrichment Interactive play- short and frequent Food dispensing toy Emergency recall Train in kennel ```
61
What are the risk factors for cribbing?
Decreased forage Increased concentrate Decreased communication between adjacent horses Weaning critical time
62
What is the treatment for cribbing?
``` Cribbing straps Bad tasting substances Antacids Shock collar Cribbing bar Naloxon Surgery to remove CN 11 and portions omhyoideus and sternothyroideus muscles Environmental modification (preferred treatment) ```
63
Describe PRN/situational mediations
Benzodiazepines, trazadone, clonidine, gabapentin Mild to strong effects (dose effect) Dose just before trigger Choose if intermittent and predictable trigger Not great for long term use
64
Describe maintenance medications
TCA, SSRI, trazadone, gabapentin Mild to moderate anxiolytic effects Weeks to be effective Same daily dose regardless of trigger intensity Choose if trigger constantly or predictably present Safer for long term use
65
Describe Benzodiazepines
Acts on GABA and decrease glutamine | Use for storm anxiety, noise phobias separation anxiety, car rides, vet visits, and reset sleep
66
Describe trazadone
Acts on serotonin and histamine Blocks arousal system and causes sedation Use for storm phobia, anxiety, post-op confinement, hospitalization, fear at hospital Class of drug: SARI
67
Describe clonidine
Acts on norepinephrine | Use for fear-related aggression, noise phobia, separation anxiety, compulsive disorders, impulse control
68
Describe gabapentin
Acts on glutamine | Helpful with refractory cases and those with neuropathic pain
69
Describe selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
Acts on serotonin | It is anxiolytic, anti-aggression, anti-compulsive
70
Describe tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Acts on serotonin and norepinephrine | It is anticholinergic, antihistamine, and alpha-adrenergic effects
71
What are the FDA approved medications to treat behavior problems?
Sileo (oral gel to treat noise phobia) Reconcile (AKA fluoxetine; treats separation anxiety) Clomicalm (separation anxiety) Selegiline (anipryl; cognitive dysfunction; currently off markets)

Neuroscience (18 decks)

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