Exam 4 Ch 16-21 DNA

Question 1

Erwin Chargaff Contribution

Answer 1

1) Base composition of DNA varies btw species 2) Number of A and T are equal to number of G and C’s

Question 2

Maurice Wilkins

Answer 2

Studies molecular structure using X-ray Crystallography

Question 3

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 3

Produced picture of DNA molecule using X-Rays and Chem of DNA

Question 4

Watson and Crick

Answer 4

Built models of double helix to conform to X-Rays and Chem of DNA

Question 5

Three Component parts of nucleotide

Answer 5

Five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups

Question 6

Base Pairing Rules for DNA

Answer 6

Adenine bonds with Thymine/Cytosine bonds with Guanine

Question 7

Relationship btw DNA, Chromosomes, genes, and proteins?

Answer 7

DNA creates chromosomes, which make genes, which are all made out of proteins.

Question 8

5 and 3 as they relate to orientation of of the two strands of the double helix is called what?

Answer 8

Antiparallel

Question 9

What type of replication process does DNA use?

Answer 9

Semi-conservative

Question 10

Why does DNA need to be replicated?

Answer 10

Hereditary information is encoded and reproduced in all the cells of your body.

Question 11

Identify the enzymes involved in DNA Replication-what do they do?

Answer 11

Helicases- untwist double helix; Topoisomerase- relieve strain by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

Question 12

Primer

Answer 12

RNA Chain

Question 13

Primase

Answer 13

synthesize RNA chain-add RNA nucleotides one at a time

Question 14

Mutations

Answer 14

Occur when there is a change of a single nucleotide in the DNA’s template strand

Question 15

Transcription

Answer 15

synthesis of RNA using info in the DNA-simply “rewritten” information from DNA to RNA (antiparallel)

Question 16

Where does transcription take place in Eukaryotic cells?

Answer 16

Nucleus separate compartment

Question 17

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Answer 17

Carries genetic message from DNA to protein (produced by transcription)

Question 18

RNA Polymerase

Answer 18

pries two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides (uracil instead of thymine)

Question 19

Translation

Answer 19

synthesis of polypeptide using mRNA info (change in language takes place and amino acids are chained together)

Question 20

What is the site of translation?

Answer 20

Ribosomes (link amino acids into polypeptide chains)

Question 21

Codons

Answer 21

mRNA nucleotide triplets (read in 5—>3 direction)

Question 22

Anticodons

Answer 22

one end of tRNA which base pairs with codon on mRNA

Question 23

tRNA role in translation

Answer 23

translates mRNA codon into a protein/amino acid

Question 24

Central Dogma Chain

Answer 24

DNA-RNA-Protein

Question 25

What is the first stage of Gene expression?

Answer 25

Transcription

Question 26

Three stages of Transcription?

Answer 26

Initiation, elongation, termination

Question 27

RNA sugar?

Answer 27

Ribose

Question 28

DNA sugar?

Answer 28

Deoxyribose

Question 29

tRNA structure and function (2)

Answer 29

1)each carry a specific amino acid 2) each has an anticodon on the other end

Question 30

Mutations

Answer 30

changes in genetic material of cell or virus

Question 31

Why are mutations important?

Answer 31

The change of one nucleotide in DNA can lead to production of abnormal protein

Question 32

Point Mutations

Answer 32

chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene

Question 33

Frameshift Mutations

Answer 33

Insertion/deletion of nucleotides can alter reading frame

Question 34

Gene expression

Answer 34

process by which DNA directs protein synthesis (transcription and translation)

Question 35

Activator

Answer 35

(positive gene regulation) accelerates transcription

Question 36

Differential Gene Expression

Answer 36

expression of different genes by cells with same genome

Question 37

Which is larger? Ribose or Deoxyribose?

Answer 37

Deoxyribose

Question 38

Which bonds form the DNA ladder?

Answer 38

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 39

Adenine pairs with?

Answer 39

Thymine

Question 40

Guanine pairs with?

Answer 40

Cytosine

Question 41

What is replaced in mRNA polymerase?

Answer 41

Thymine with Urasil

Question 42

Epidemic

Answer 42

Illness of a large group (evola virus)

Question 43

Pandemic

Answer 43

Illness breakout worldwide

Question 44

Prion

Answer 44

slow-acting, infectious proteins-cause brain diseases in mammals

Question 45

Bacteriophages (phages)

Answer 45

viruses that infect bacteria

Question 46

Genomics

Answer 46

study of genomes and their evolution

Question 47

Viroids

Answer 47

small, circular RNA molecules-infect plants, disrupt growth

Question 48

Virus

Answer 48

small infectious particle consists of nucleic acid enclosed in protein coat (NOT CELLS)

Question 49

Capsid

Answer 49

protein shell that encloses viral genome

Question 50

Retrovirus

Answer 50

use reverse transcriptase to copy RNA genome into DNA

Question 51

Transformation

Answer 51

change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA cell

Question 52

Somatic Cell

Answer 52

any cell in multicellular organism except sperm or egg

Question 53

Ribosome

Answer 53

subunit assembled in nucleolus (site of protein synthesis)

Question 54

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer 54

technique for amplifying DNA in vitro-incubating it with specific primers/nucleotides

Question 55

Chromosome

Answer 55

cellular structure carrying genetic material

Question 56

Allele

Answer 56

any alternate versions of a gene that may produce phenotype effects

Question 57

Nucleotides

Answer 57

Building blocks of twisted DNA ladder

Question 58

Major Genetic Discoveries

Answer 58

Diagnosis/treatment, DNA Identification, Pharmaceutical Products

Question 59

Role of Restriction Enzymes

Answer 59

cut DNA molecules down to specific sequences

Question 60

Transgenic

Answer 60

animals-pharmaceutical factories of large amts of rare substances for med use

Question 61

Creating a Transgenic Organism

Answer 61

introduce genes from one species into genome of another animal

Question 62

Hazards/Benefits DNA Technology

Answer 62

Concern is genetically modified animals used as food, creation of super weed, could cause allergic reactions