EXAM 4: CHAPTER 11

Question 1

Emotion

Answer 1

An intrapersonal state in response to an internal or external event

Question 2

4 components of emotion:

Answer 2

• Physiological: Changes in bodily arousal (eg. Heart rate, temperature, respiration
• Cognitive: Subjective interpretation of one’s feelings and environment
• Physical: Expression of emotion verbally/non-verbally (eg. Smile, frown, laugh)
• Emotional: Keeping the emotion present (happiness) or removing it (sadness)

Question 3

How are emotions adaptive (3):

Answer 3

• Signals important events to direct attention
• Triggers fight or flight
• Social communication

Question 4

Universality hypothesis

Answer 4

Emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone; originally proposed by Charles Darwin

Question 5

6 universal emotions expressed:

Answer 5

• Anger
• Disgust
• Fear
• Happiness
  -Sadness
• Surprise

Question 6

Ways to measure emotions - detecting lies:

Answer 6

• Behavioural displays of emotion
• Self-reports of emotion
• Psychophysiological reactions (eg. Heart rate, skin conductance, MRI)

Question 7

Cognitive functions for emotion

Answer 7

Helps organize and retrieve memories, prioritizes concerns and needs, and guides judgement for decisions

Question 8

Behavioural functions for emotion

Answer 8

Emotions alter behavior

Question 9

Social functions for emotion

Answer 9

Foundation of relationships, improve quality of relationships and helps with empathy

Question 10

Action tendencies

Answer 10

Emotions are associated with predictable patterns of behavior that help us adapt and survive

Question 11

3 main theories:

Answer 11

• James-Lange Theory
• Cannon-Bard Theory
• Schachter and Singer’s Two Factor Theory

Question 12

James-Lange Theory

Answer 12

Emotions is our conscious awareness of our physiological response to stimuli (Body before thoughts)

Question 13

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 13

We have conscious experience of an emotion at the same time as our body is responding, not afterwards (Simultaneous body response and cognitive experience)

Question 14

Schachter and Singer’s Two Factor Theory

Answer 14

Emotions do not exist until we add a label to whatever body sensations we feel (Emotion = body plus a cognitive label)

Question 15

Cognitive-Mediational Theory

Answer 15

Developed by Richard Lazarus. Cognitive appraisal is a cognitive mediator between environmental stimuli and our reactions to those stimuli

Question 16

Survival functions of emotions:

Answer 16

• Evolutionary theory: Emotions are innate, passed through generations
• Basic emotions: A group of emotions preprogrammed into all human regardless of culture

Question 17

Infant emotions

Answer 17

• Emotions of interest, disgust, and contentment present at birth
• Emotions of anger, sadness, joy, surprise and fear emerge between 2-7 months
• In second year for infants, self-conscious emotions emerge such as shame, built, envy

Question 18

Facial-feedback theory

Answer 18

Subjective experiences of emotion are influenced by sensory feedback from facial muscular activity, or facial efference

Question 19

Facial efference

Answer 19

Sensory feedback from facial muscular activity

Question 20

Facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 20

Emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

Question 21

Amygdala emotion

Answer 21

• Important role in emotion; acts as a threat detector
• Fast (thalamus>amygdala) and slow (thalamus>cortex>amygdala) pathways of fear in brain

Question 22

Appraisal

Answer 22

Evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

Question 23

Expressive behaviors

Answer 23

People read a great deal of emotional content in the eyes and face

Question 24

Features that can be exposed as sincere and insincere:

Answer 24

• Morphology (reliable muscles)
• Symmetry
• Duration
• Temporal patterning

Question 25

Positive feelings

Answer 25

Happiness, optimism

Question 26

Positive traits

Answer 26

Perseverance, wisdom

Question 27

Positive abilities

Answer 27

Interpersonal skills

Question 28

Virtues

Answer 28

Altruism, tolerance

Question 29

When you're nervous about something, you may notice your hands sweat and mouth becomes dry. This is produced by your...

Answer 29

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 30

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 30

Triggers fight or flight response

Question 31

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 31

Calms body down

Question 32

Secondary social sharing

Answer 32

When people talk about emotions, it is hard for them to stop talking and then they share it with another person

Question 33

Alexithymia

Answer 33

Inability to identify and describe emotions experienced by oneself and have difficulties recognizing angry and fearful faces

Question 34

4 elements of emotion:

Answer 34

- Feelings - Bodily response - Sense of purpose - Expressive behavior

Question 35

Measuring emotion (3):

Answer 35

- Behavioural displays of emotion - Self-reports of emotion - Physiological reactions

Question 36

Facial electronyography

Answer 36

Measures contractions of facial muscles to detect emotion

Question 37

Heart rate

Answer 37

Reduction in heart rate when individuals are presented with unpleasant stimuli. Whereas pleasant stimuli associated with accelerations in heart rate

Question 38

Skin conductance

Answer 38

Measures galvanic skin response which reflects increased perspiration

Question 39

FMRI

Answer 39

Measures brain patterns and activity when associated with lying. Not admissible in court yet

Question 40

Cannnon five points:

Answer 40

- Total separation of the visceral organs from the central nervous system does not alter emotional behavior - The same visceral changes often occur in different emotional states and in non-emotional states - The visceral changes are too slow to be the source of emotional feeling - Artificially inducing visceral changes does not produce strong emotions