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241 A&P > Exam 4, Chapter 12: The Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Exam 4, Chapter 12: The Spinal Cord Flashcards

(116 cards)

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1
Q

dorsal root ganglia are?

A

Sensory neurons

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2
Q

Surrounding the Neural tube,

Interneurons (assosiciation neurons), which receive sensory input from sensory neurons come from?

A

dorsal cells

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3
Q

Surrounding the Neural tube,

Motor neurons from?

A

ventral cells!

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4
Q

enclosed within the vertebral column from the foramen magnum to L1 / L2

A

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

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5
Q

afferent fibers (sensory)

A

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

Ascending fibers

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6
Q

efferent fibers (motor)

A

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

Descending fibers

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7
Q

protected by bone, meninges, and CSF

A

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

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8
Q

space between the vertebrae and the dural sheath (dura mater) which isfilled with fat and a network of veins

A

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

Epidural Space

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9
Q

Epidural anesthesia is delivered into this space via flexible cannula

A

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

Epidural space

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10
Q

terminal portion of the spinal cord

A

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

Conus medullaris

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11
Q

End of cord narrows to a cone shape between L1 and L2

A

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

Conus Medullaris

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12
Q

fibrous extension of the pia mater; anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

A

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

Filum terminale

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13
Q

delicate shelves of pia mater; attach the spinal cord to the vertebrae

A

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

Denticulate ligaments

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14
Q

31 pairs attach to the cord by paired roots

A

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

Spinal nerves

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15
Q 
8 cervical pair; 
12 thoracic pair; 
5 lumbar pair; 
5 sacral pair; 
1 coccygeal
A

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

Spinal Nerves

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16
Q

sites where nerves serving the upper and lower limbs emerge, so large ventral horns and multiple nerve roots leaving the cord in these regions

A

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

Cervical and Lumbar Enlargements

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17
Q

collection of nerve roots at the inferior end (below L2)

A 
Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy
Cauda equina (horse tail)
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18
Q
  • Dura mater (single layer only; no periosteal attachment)
  • Arachnoid mater with CSF in subarachnoid space
  • Pia mater
A

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

Meninges

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19
Q

also circulates in the central canal which continues superiorly into the medulla oblongata

A

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

CSF

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20
Q

separates ventral funiculi (white matter tract regions)

A

Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord

Ventral median fissure

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21
Q

divides dorsal funiculi (white matter tract regions)

A

Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord

Dorsal median sulcus

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22
Q

consists of soma, unmyelinated processes and neuroglia

A

Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord
Gray Matter Columns
Gray Matter

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23
Q

connects R / L masses of gray matter; encloses central canal

A

Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord
Gray Matter Columns
Gray Commissure

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24
Q

Interneurons (Therefore, a sensory synapse will occur here)

A

Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord
Gray Matter Columns
Dorsal Horns

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25
Somatic (voluntary) motor neurons & some interneurons
Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord Gray Matter Columns Ventral Horns
26
Contain sympathetic motor fibers; this column is present in T1-L2 only
Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord Gray Matter Columns Lateral Horns
27
dorsal root ganglion (sensory nerve cell bodies) lead to dorsal roots which expand into rootlets before entering the spinal cord
Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord Spinal Roots Dorsal half
28
May synapse at a dorsal horn interneuron or continue via axons in the white matter columns towards the brain
Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord Spinal Roots Dorsal Half
29
motor rootlets join to form motor roots
Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord Spinal Roots Ventral half
30
fuse laterally to form short spinal nerves
Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord Spinal Roots Dorsal and ventral roots
31
Body representation in four zones (maintain spatial relationships)
Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord Spinal Roots Gray matter Somatotopy
32
visceral sensory (VS), visceral motor (VM)
Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord Visceral representation on the internal aspect Gray matter Somatotopy
33
Somatic representation on the external aspect
Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord Gray matter Somatotopy somatic sensory (SS), somatic motor (SM)
34
ascending, descending, and transversely
Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord White Matter Columns Three Directions of Fiber movement
35
dorsal, ventral, lateral (T1-L2 only)
Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord White Matter Columns are Divided into three columns (funiculi)
36
Each white matter column contains several fiber tracts - Fiber tract names reveal their origin and destination - Fiber tracts are composed of bundled axons with similar sensory functions
Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord | White Matter Columns
37
All pathways decussate at some point - Most consist of two or three neurons (relays) - Most maintain somatotopy (organizational mapping) - Pathways are paired (one on each side of the spinal cord or brain)
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) | General Features
38
(of two or more things) cross or intersect each other to form an X.
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) | decussate
39
The central processes of "first-order neurons" branch diffusely as they enter the spinal cord and medulla -conduct impulsees and proprioceptors -most synapse with 2nd-order neurons (interneuron) in the spinal cord or medullary nuclei
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) | Ascending Pathway Organization
40
conduct impulses from cutaneous receptors (discriminative touch, pressure, vibration , temperature, pain)
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Conduct impulses First Order Neuron
41
(feedback on position of joints & relative movement of joints) -other branches take part in "spinal cord reflexes"
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Proprioceptors
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most branches synapse with these, aka "interneuron" in the spinal cord or medullary nuclei (nuclei in medulla oblongata)
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Second-order neurons
43
"red nucleus"
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Medulla oblongata nuclei
44
Location of third order-(inter)neuron
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Axons extend to thalamus
45
Extension of Third Order Neuron Axons
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Primary Somatosensory Cortex
46
Subconscious Second Order Axons where?
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Cerebellum no additional synapses
47
Three Ascending Pathways? Which send impulses to contralateral somatosensory cortex via thalamus? Which sends ipsilateral impulses to cerebellum and do not contribute to sensory perception?
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization 1. Dorsal Column- Medial Lemniscal Pathway 2. Spinothalamic Pathway 3. Spinocerebellar Pathway a. 1 and 2 b. 3
48
Three Ascending Pathways -These pathways are responsible for discriminative touch and pressure, vibration and conscious proprioception -Many receptors in a small area (dense receptive field), so easy to localize the source of sensation precisely
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal Pathway (Dorsal Tract Location)
49
Three Ascending Pathways -First-order fibers travel into & ascend the spinal cord along the dorsal white columns, synapsing at the corresponding nuclei in the medulla oblongata.
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal Pathway (Dorsal Tract Location)
50
Three Ascending Pathways | -The second-order fibers decussate in the medulla and synapse in the thalamus.
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal Pathway (Dorsal Tract Location)
51
Three Ascending Pathways | -Third-order fibers terminate in the somatosensory cortex.
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal Pathway (Dorsal Tract Location)
52
Three Ascending Pathways | -These pathways are responsible for temperature, pain, coarse touch and pressure
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Spinothalamic Pathway (Ventral and Lateral tract locations)
53
Three Ascending Pathways | -Fewer receptors, so aware of the sensation, but not as precisely localized
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Spinothalamic Pathway (Ventral and Lateral tract locations)
54
Three Ascending Pathways | -First-order fibers synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Spinothalamic Pathway (Ventral and Lateral tract locations)
55
Three Ascending Pathways -Second-order fibers decussate at the same spinal cord level, ascend the spinothalamic fiber tracts and synapse in the thalamus.
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Spinothalamic Pathway (Ventral and Lateral tract locations)
56
Three Ascending Pathways | -Third-order fibers terminate in the somatosensory cortex.
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Spinothalamic Pathway (Ventral and Lateral tract locations)
57
Third Ascending Pathway
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Spinocerebellar Pathway
58
Three Ascending Pathways | -These pathways are responsible for subconscious proprioception.
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Spinocerebellar Pathway
59
Three Ascending Pathways | -The tracts terminate in the cerebellum and therefore do not contribute to sensory perception.
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Spinocerebellar Pathway
60
Three Ascending Pathways | -First-order neurons synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Spinocerebellar Pathway
61
Three Ascending Pathways | -Second-order fibers terminate in the "ipsilateral cerebellum."
Neuron Pathways: Sensory (Afferent-Ascending) Ascending Pathway Organization Spinocerebellar Pathway
62
Descending Pathways -Descending tracts deliver impulses from the brain to the spinal cord, and are divided into two groups
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) | General Feature
63
Descending Pathways -(from the motor cortex) , decussate at MEDULLA. descend from the motor cortex regions and do not synapse until reaching the correct spinal cord level
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) General Features =Direct pathways = pyramidal tracts
64
Descending Pathways -(all others from the cerebellum, basal ganglia, etc.) descend from sub-cortical motor nuclei and are multi-synaptic, complex and often influenced via reflex activity
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) General Features =Indirect Pathway=extrapyramidal tracts
65
Descending Pathways | -Motor pathways involve two motor neurons (upper and lower)
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) | General Features
66
Descending Pathways | -pyramidal cells of the motor cortex and the neurons of the subcortical motor nuclei
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) | Upper Motor Neuron (UMN)
67
Descending Pathways | -ventral horn motor neurons which directly innervate the skeletal muscles
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) | Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)
68
Descending Pathways | -The direct pathway regulates fast and fine (skilled) movements
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) | Direct (Pyramidal System)
69
Descending Pathways - UMN - Most fibers originate in the pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex and related motor cortices - Lateral tracts decussate at medulla pyramids - Ventral tracts decussat at spinal cord level
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) Direct (Pyramidal System) Pathway Specific
70
Descending Pathways - Impulses descend the corticospinal tracts (lateral and ventral) - lateral decussate at medulla pyramid - ventral tracts decussate at spinal cord level
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) Direct (Pyramidal System) Pathway Specific
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Descending Pathways -impulses synapse in the ventral horn (with an interneuron or directly to a LMN); innervate skeletal muscles
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) Direct (Pyramidal System) Pathway Specific
72
Descending Pathways | -Lateral tracts (>80%) decussate at the medullary pyramids
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) Direct (Pyramidal System) Pathway Specific
73
Descending Pathways | -parts innervate cranial nerve nuclei
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) Direct (Pyramidal System) Pathway Specific
74
Descending Pathways These motor pathways modulate pyramidal input, primarily affecting - Axial muscles that maintain balance and posture (=postural tone) - Muscles controlling coarse movements of the proximal limb joints - Control of complex, multi-joint movements - Head, neck and eye movement coordination
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) Indirect (Extrapyramidal) System General Features
75
Descending Pathways -UMN Fibers originate in the basal ganglia, substantia nigra, cerebellum, various brain stem vestibular nuclei & some in the sensory cortex
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) Indirect (Extrapyramidal) System Pathway Specific
76
``` Descending Pathways Tracts primarily descend through the reticular formation (pons & medulla) UMN to LMN through Include: -Reticulospinal tract -Vestibulospinal -Rubrospinal -Tectospinal tracts ```
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) Indirect (Extrapyramidal) System Pathway Specific
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Descending Pathways - Reticular formation origin - maintain balance via Posture
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) Indirect (Extrapyramidal) System Pathway Specific Reticulospinal Tracts
78
Descending Pathways - Vestibular nuclei origin - maintain balance via posture
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) Indirect (Extrapyramidal) System Pathway Specific Vestibulospinal tracts
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Descending Pathways - Red nucleus origin - control of Flexor Muscles
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) Indirect (Extrapyramidal) System Pathway Specific Rubrospinal tracts
80
Descending Pathways - Superior colliculi origin - mediates head & neck following eye movements
Neuronal Pathways: Motor (Efferent/Descending) Indirect (Extrapyramidal) System Pathway Specific Tectospinal tracts
81
Clinical Correlates | Loss of motor function
Paralysis
82
-severe damage to the ventral root or ventral horn cells
Flaccid Paralysis
83
-Lower motor neurons are damaged and impulses do not reach muscles
Flaccid Paralysis
84
-There is no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles
Flaccid Paralysis
85
-only upper motor neurons are damaged
Spastic Paralysis
86
-Spinal neurons remain intact and muscles are stimulated irregularly by reflex activity
Spastic Paralysis
87
-There is no voluntary control of muscles
Spastic Paralysis
88
-contralateral side of body affected | opposite side affected
Spastic Paralysis | hemiplegia
89
Clinical Correlate -A complete transection of the spinal cord at any level results in total motor and sensory loss in regions inferior to the cut
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Transection
90
Clinical Correlate | -transection between T1 and L1 (affects trunk & lower extremities)
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Transection | Paraplegia
91
Clinical Correlate | -transection in the cervical region (affects trunk & all extremities)
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Transection | Quadriplegia
92
Clinical Correlate | -Damage to the ___ causes sensory loss inferior to the level of damage
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Transection | dorsal columns
93
Clinical Correlate -Damage to the ____ would cause a combination of motor & sensory loss inferior to the level of damage
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Transection | ventral or lateral columns
94
Clinical Correlates classifications : ASIA A, B, C, D, E A Worst E Normal function
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Transection | American spinal Injury Assocation classifications
95
Clinical Correlates | Destruction of the ___ by the poliovirus
Poliomyelitis | Ventral horn motor neurons
96
``` Clinical Correlates Early symptoms: -fever, -headache, -muscle pain and weakness, -loss of somatic reflexes ```
Poliomyelitis
97
Clinical Correlates Advanced symptoms – -paralysis & muscle atrophy; -recent surge in post-polio syndrome
Poliomyelitis
98
Clinical Correlates | Vaccines are readily available and can prevent infection
Poliomyelitis
99
Clinical Correlates - a.k.a. Lou Gehrig’s disease; - modern face of ALS = Stephen Hawking
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
100
Clinical Correlates | -Progressive destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of the pyramidal tract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
101
Clinical Correlates | -Symptoms – progressive loss of the ability to speak, swallow and breathe
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
102
Clinical Correlates | -Linked to malfunctioning genes for glutamate transporter (= excess excitotoxic glutamate)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
103
Clinical Correlates - Death typically occurs within five years; - Drug which inhibits glutamate signaling promising
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
104
Clincal Correlate - Incomplete closure of neural tube (caudal vertebral arches); - no laminae or spinous process
Spina Bifida
105
Clincal Correlate | Varying degrees of severity
Spina Bifida
106
Clincal Correlate | -Mild form: ; hair patch / birth mark /dimple only
Spina Bifida | -Spina bifida occulta (20% of population)
107
Clincal Correlate | -Most severe form: (out-pocketing of meninges, CSF & spinal cord)
Spina Bifida | Myelomeningocele
108
Clincal Correlate | Prenatal ___ essential for complete neural tube closure
Spina Bifida | folic acid
109
CNS is established during the ___ month of development
first
110
Gender-specific areas appear in response to ___ (or lack thereof, if a Y chromosome)
testosterone
111
Maternal exposure to -Radiation, drugs (e.g., alcohol and opiates), or infection can harm the fetus’ developing CNS -Smoking decreases oxygen in the blood, which leads to neuron death & fetal brain damage -
duh
112
The ___ s is one of the last areas of the CNS to develop
hypothalamu
113
___ develops slowly over the first 11 weeks
Visual cortex
114
Growth and maturation of the nervous system occurs throughout childhood and reflects ___
progressive myelination
115
Normal aging brings some cognitive declines, but these are not significant in healthy individuals until they reach their 80s
fact
116
Excessive use of alcohol causes signs of senility unrelated to the aging process
truth

241 A&P (19 decks)

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