exam 4 chapters 20, 27, 33, 34 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
What is the caries depth grading system?
A
Hauge-Jorden and slack 1977
2
Q
anodontia
A
absence of teeth without explanation of extraction
the main cause is congenitally missing
3
Q
median palatal suture
A
the immovable joint between the two palatine processes of the maxilla
thin radiolucent line between the maxillary central incisors
4
Q
maxillary tuberosity
A
rounded prominence of bone that extends posterior to the third molar region
radiopaque bulge distal to the third molar region
5
Q
anterior nasal spine
A
sharp projection of the maxilla located at the anterior and inferior portion of nasal cavity
V-shaped radiopaque area located at the intersection of the floor of the nasal cavity and nasal septum
6
Q
zygoma
A
cheek bone
diffuse radiopaque band extending posteriorly from the zygomatic process of the maxilla
7
Q
ADA Case type 3
A
Moderate chronic or aggressive perio.
moderate bone loss of 30-50%, alveolar bone level is approx. 4-6mm apical to the CEJ’s
furcation involvement, or extension of perio disease between roots of multirooted teeth may be seen
severe vertical and or horizontal bone loss with radiolucent in the furcations
8
Q
dentinogenesis imperfecta
A
malformation of dentin
9
Q
class 1 caries
A
proximal or interproximal, between the teeth. usually at or just below the contact
the shape on the radiograph is radiolucent notch traingular point toward the DEJ
10
Q
occlusal trauma
A
includes such things as osteosclerosis, hypercementosis, triangulation of bone left between the teeth, widened PDL, and other Radiopaque in bone.
11
Q
periodontal ligament space
A
space between root of tooth and lamina dura
contains connective tissue fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics
thin radiolucent line around root of tooth
12
Q
Class 2 Occlusal caries
A
caries on the chewing surface of the teeth. Incipient and moderate are not usually seen radiographically. When visible, caries appear as radiolucent below the enamel and above pulp
13
Q
class 7 arrested caries
A
caries no longer active. take years to progress but can be reversed.
most often seen when the adjacent tooth is extracted and tooth can now be brushed better.
14
Q
what causes elongated images?
A
too little vertical angulation
can occur with bisecting when beam alignment device is not used
15
Q
overexposed receptor
A
dark image or high in density
results from excessive exposure time, KV, or MA
16
Q
underexposed receptor
A
light image or low in density
inadequate exposure time, KV, or MA
17
Q
What is condensing osteotitis?
A
the sclerosis or hardening of bone as result of infection.
18
Q
Osteoscerosis
A
abnormally dense bone not as a result from infection
19
Q
in the posterior region, how does a normal alveolar crest look?
A
flat, smooth, parallel to a line between CEJ.
slightly less radiopaque than the anterior regions
20
Q
what does gingivitis affect?
A
only soft tissue
21
Q
Mach Band effect
A
optical illusion caused when the teeth overlap on the radiograph and this causes a dense radioapcity surrounded by radiolucent lines
22
Q
Process
A
marked prominence or projection of bone
example- coronoid process of the mandible
radiopaque
23
Q
C2-MODERATE
A
more than 1/2 way through the enamel, but not to the DEJ
24
Q
DEJ
A
junction between dentin and enamel of a tooth
25
abrasion
wearing away of tooth structure from friction of foreign object.
caused by tooth brush abrasion that affects root surface of teeth that can be mistaken as root surface caries.
26
C3-ADVANCED
caries of enamel and dentin at or through the DEJ into the dentin, but less than 1/2 way to the pulp
27
What is dental caries?
also known as tooth decay, is localizaed destruction of teeth by microorganisms (via organic acids)
28
alveolar process
portion of the mandible that encases and supports the teeth
29
How is the radiograph useful in periodontal assessment?
it allows views of interseptal bone and crestal bone to be assessed.
periapical images are recommended
30
Horizontal bone loss
loss of bone around the teeth in an entire region or around several teeth with both buccal and lingual bone lost parallel to the CEJ. In other words, the bone has receded fairly evenly like a tide.
31
what is the septum?
bony wall or partition that divides two spaces or cavities
radiopaque
example- nasal septum
32
mandibular canal
tubelike passageway through bone that travels the length of the mandible
extends from the mandibular foramen to the mental foramen and houses the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels
in a mandibular periapical xray, it appears as a radiolucent band
outlined by two thin radiopaque lines that present the cortical walls of the canal
33
amelogenesis imperfecta
malformation of enamel
34
what causes foreshortened images?
too much vertical angulation
| occurs with bisecting tech. when beam alignment device is not used
35
three parts of mandible
ramus
body
alveolar process
36
ADA Case type 2 of perio disease
Chronic periodontitis (mild or slight)
early bone loss of up to 30%
the lamina dura becomes unclear, fuzzy and no longer appears as a radiopaque line
Horizontal bone loss is more common with the alveolar bone approx. 3-4mm apical to the CEJ
radiographs show "cupping out" of crestal bone, blunting of the interproximal points and a traingulation of PDL
37
Odontoma
most common and is small misshapened mass of teeth, radiopaque with a radiolucent fibrous capsule resembling cyst
also found in uterus mistaken for baby
38
external oblique ridge
linear prominence of bone located on the external surface of the body of the mandible
on a mandibular periapical xray, appears as radiopaque band extending downward and forward from the anterior border of the ramus of the mandible
39
Class 4 Cemental (root) caries
Involves only the roots of the teeth
the cementum and dentin located jjust below the cervical region of the tooth are involved
bone loss and recession are necessary
(most common location, mandibular premolar and molar areas)
40
fossa
broad, shallow, scooped-out, depressed area of bone
ex- submandibular fossa of the mandible
radiolucent
41
C4-SEVERE
Penetrates more than 1/2 to the pulp
42
tuberosity
rounded prominence of bone
ex- the maxillary tuberosity
radiopaque
43
film exposed to light?
black image
44
lateral fossa
aka canine fossa
smooth, depressed area of the maxilla located just inferior and medial to the infraorbital foramen between the canine and lateral incisors
radiolucent area between the maxillary canine and lateral incisors
45
cementoma
cementifying fibroma usually on mandibular anteriors in women and require no treatment
46
ADA Case type 1 of perio disease
gingivitis
appears normal on radiographs, the lamina dura is present and the alveolar crest is 1-2mm apical to CEJ.
Bleeding on probing may be present
thin radiolucent line between tooth and bone
47
what are the three anatomic landmarks of the alveolar process?
lamina dura
alveolar crest
periodontal ligament space
48
What is a dentigerous cyst?
most often supernumary teeth but also with impacted teeth
very common
can eat through bone
49
submandibular fossa
scooped-out, depressed area of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible inferior to the mylohyoid ridge
submandibular salivary gland is found in the submandibular fossa
in a mandibular periapical xray, this appears as a radiolucent area in the molar region below the mylohyoid ridge
50
dentin
found beneath the enamel layer of a tooth and srrounds the pulp cavity
comprises most of the tooth structure
not as radiopaque as enamel
51
Vertical Bone Loss
Loss of bone at the angle of the tooth
often forms a "V" next to the tooth with the bone slanted downward creating a pocket next to the tooth
52
dilaceration
sharp bend in the root
| usually in premolars
53
2 types of ossifications
condensing ostetitis
osteosclerosis
54
What kind of restorations are mistaken for cavities?
composites, silicates, acrylics- these may appear radiolucent on xray and resemble caries
old composites are radiolucent
new ones are radiopauqe
55
hamulus
small hook-like projection of bone extending from medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
radiopaque hook-like projection posterior to the maxillary tuberosity area
56
ridge
linear prominence or projection of bone
example- internal oblique ridge of the mandible
radiopaque
57
what is the result of too much and too little vertical angulation?
too much- does not reveal crestal bone
too little- falsely indicated bone loss
58
odontogenic tumors
formed by abnormal proliferation of odontogenic cells (cells that form teeth)
59
C1-INCIPIENT
enamel caries less than 1/2 way through the enamel
60
coronoid process
marked prominence of bone on the anterior ramus of the mandible
serves as an attachment site for one of the muscles of mastication
appear on a maxillary molar periapical film
appears as a triangular radiopactiy superimposed over, or inferior to, the maxillary tuberosity
61
anatomical configurations of radiographic assessment
root morphology-
lenght, dilacerations, shape etc.
relationship of a tooths roots to the adj. tooth or teeth
sinus location
mand. canal location
62
what is the cause of overlap between the teeth?
faulty horizontal angulation
it also renders the radiograph fairy useless for caries detection
63
how is bone loss defined?
horizontal, vertical or both
64
ramus
vertical portion of the mandible that is found posterior to the third molar
65
What can be mistaken for caries?
cervical burnout, restorative matierals, attrition, abrasian, mach band effect
66
what is granuloma?
granulation tissue that is continuous with the PDL and attached to the root apex
67
What are the supporting structures of the teeth and jaw?
alveolar process
68
hypercementosis
excessive cementum formation
69
what is examined in a clinical examination?
evaluation of soft tissues for signs of inflammation, redness, bleeding, swelling, and pus.
70
incorrect horizontal angulation
causes overlapping when the central ray is not directed through interproximal spaces
the contact of one tooth is superimposed over the contact area of adj. teeth
71
absence of apical structures
occurs with paralleling or bisecting technique
no apices are seen on the image, and excessive margin or receptor, appears radiolucent band
72
lingual foramen
tiny opening or hole in bone located on the internal surface of mandible
surrounded by genial tubercles
73
Calcifications
pulp stones
sialoliths are salivary stones that are deposits of calcium salts in salivary glands or ducts
rhinoliths are stones in the maxillary sinus
phleboliths are calcified thrombi in soft tissues usually the cheek
74
lamina dura
wall of the tooth socket that surrounds the root of the tooth
made up of dense cortical bone
dense radiopaque line that surrounds the root of the tooth
75
what occurs with an UNexposded receptor?
film- clear image
| digital-blank or white
76
What is required before you can see caries on a radiograph?
40-50% loss of calcium and phosphorus
caries are almost always deeper than visible on the radiograph
77
what common restorative materials should you know?
```
amalgams
composite
pins
porcelain
stainless steel crowns
bases
silver points
sargenti paste
gutta percha
post and core build ups
implants
orthodontics
```
78
what errors can occur with bite wing?
overlapped contacts, cone cut
79
concresence
when the cementum of 2 adjacent teeth is joined or fused
very hard to determine
appears as overlapping roots
80
How do temporary crowns and porcleain jackets appear on radiograph?
Radiolucent, although a shadow can usually be seen
81
benign findings
exostosis is a localized overgrowth on bone such as torus or tori that may occur on the hard tissue of the palate or the lingual surfaces of the mandible
also common on the buccal of maxillary molars
not cancerous
82
malignancies
carcinoma-of epithelial region
sarcoma- of connective tissue orgin, produce a change in bone early on with a patchy appearance
83
what errors can occur with bisecting?
elongation, overlapping, cone cut
84
sinus
hollow space, cavity, or recess in bone
ex-maxillary sinus
radiolucent
85
What has the maxilla been described as?
Architectural cornerstone of the face
all of the bones of the face articulate with the maxilla
maxilla forms the floor of the orbit of the eyes, sides and floor of the nasal cavities, and hard palate
86
What are the 13 parts the maxilla is composed of?
```
incisive foramen
median palatal suture
tuberosity
canine (lateral) fossa
nasal cavity
nasal septum
floor of nasal cavity
anterior nasal spine
maxillary sinus
inverted y
maxillary tuberosity
hamulus
zygoma
```
87
class 5 recurrent decay
secondary caries that occur adjacent to a prexisting restoration. Occurs because of inadequate cavity preparation, defective margins, or incomplete removal of caries before placement of restoration
appear radiolucent on xray, beneath interproximal margins of xray
88
Cancellous bone
soft spongy bone located between two layers of dense cortical bone
composed of numerous bony trabeculae that is form of lattice-like network of intercommunicating spaces filled with bone marrow
89
Canal
tube-like passageway through bone that contains nerves and blood vessels
ex-mandibular canal
radiolucent
90
alveolar crest
most coronal portion of the alveolar bone found between the teeth
radiopaque
1.5-2.0mm below junction of crown and root surfaces
91
limitations of radiographs
2d depiction of a 3d object. cannot discern buccal or lingual easily, therefore it hides bone loss that is buccal or lingual but not both.
sof titssues are not imaged
cannot distinguish between active periodontal disease vs. periodontally treated surgical procedures
actual destruction is more advanced clinically
92
What is necessary to detect periodontal disease?
clinical and dental images
93
enamel
densest structure found in the human body
outermost radiopaque layer of the crown of a tooth
94
how does a double image appear?
dark, with superimposed structures
95
```
Buccal and Lingual caries
class 3
```
best detected clinically because they are difficult to see radiographically
96
inverted y
intersection of maxillary sinus and nasal cavity
radiopaque upside down Y formed by the intersection of the lateral wall of the nasal fossa and the anterior border of the maxillary sinus
located above maxillary canine
97
periodontum
refers to tissue that invest and support teeth, such as the gingiva and the alveolar bone
98
What is periapical abcess caused by?
bacteria that has reached the pulp and caused irreversible pulp damage
99
What are the spaces and depressions in bone?
radiolucent on radiographs
canal
foramen
fossa
sinus
100
nasal septum
vertical bony wall or partition that divides the nasal cavity into the right and left nasal fossae
vertical radiopaque partition that divides the nasal cavity
101
what does periodontal disease affect?
both hard and soft tissue
| includes loss of bone
102
inferior nasal conchae
wafer-thin, curved plates of bone that extend from the lateral walls of nasal cavity
diffuse radiopaque mass or projection within the nasal cavity
103
tubercle
small bump or nodule of bone
ex- genial tubercle
radiopaque
104
retained roots
very common on xrays
caused by primary root tips, crown has decayed completely away, dentist left in extraction
105
what is cone cut?
clear or white unexposed area on an image that may occur with round or rectangular PID when it is not aligned properly with beam alignment device
106
Predisposing factors of periodontal disease
```
restoration overhangs
poorly countoured restorations
poorly contacting natural teeth
plunger cusps
calculus build up
occlusal trauma
```
107
Internal oblique ridge
linear prominence of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible extends downward and forward from the ramus
on a mandibular periapical xray, this appears as a radiopaque band
internal and external oblique ridges may be superimposed on one another
when the ridges appear separate, the superior radiopaque band is the external oblique ridge, and the inferior radiopaque band is the internal oblique ridge
108
dens in dente
tooth within a tooth
109
taurodontia
tooth normally a mandibular molar, with very large pulp chamber and very short roots
110
tooth resportion
primary teeth undergo in response to erupting permanent teeth
can also be caused by tumors impinging or trauma or for unknown reasons
can also result from iatrogenic (dentist causes) as with orthodontics
111
supernumerary teeth
extra teeth, usually with no space for eruption
112
What is a cervical burn out?
a radiolucent artifact caused by concavity on the root.
appears collar shaped or wedge shaped, seen on anterior teeth
always more apical than interproximal caries
look for bone loss, if it is caries it will have bone loss and maybe deep pocketing
113
gemination
a single tooth that divides into two teeth (twinning)
114
ADA Case type 4
Advanced Chronic or Aggressive Perio (advanced or severe)
more than 50% bone loss, the alveolar bone level is 6mm or greater
furcation involvement seen on posterior images, bleeding on probing
thickened perio membrane causes changes in tooth position
115
maxillary sinus
paired cavities or compartments of bone located within the maxilla
located above the maxillary premolar and molar teeth
the size of a small pea at birth
as it grows, it expands and eventually occupies a large portion of the maxilla
radiolucent area located above apices of maxillary premolars and molars
floor of this is composed of dense cortical bone and a radiopaque line
116
genial tubercles
tiny bumps of bone that serve as attachment sites for the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles
located on lingual aspect of mandible
on a mandibular periapical radiograph these appear as ring shaped radiopacity below the apices of mandibular incisors
117
Incisive foramen
aka nasopalatine foramen, is an opening or hole in the bone that is located at the midline of the anterior portion of the hard palate directly posterior to the maxillary central incisors
nasopalatine nerve exits the maxilla through the incisive foramen
small ovid or round radiolucent area located between the roots of the maxillary central incisors
118
Cyst
fluid filled or semi-solid area that appears radiolucent on an xray
(dentingerous, odontogenic, nonodontogenic)
119
Ameloblastoma
large radiolucent area of enaml orgin with mono or multiocular (many compartments) that gives a soap bubble appearance
120
Bone
appears solid, but is actually honeycombed with air space and blood capillaries and is classified into two types (cortical, cancellous)
121
foramen
opening or hole in bone that permits the passage of nerves and blood vessels
ex-mental foramen
radiolucent
122
fusion
two teeth joined or connected almost always at the ocean
123
nutrient canals
tube-like passageways through bone that contains nerve and blood vessels that supply teeth
vertical radiolucent lines
124
What are the prominences of bone?
```
Composed of dense cortical bone and are RADIOPAQUE-
process
ridge
spine
tuberosity
tubercle
```
125
what is a suture?
immoveable joint that represents a line of union between adjoining bones of the skull
thin radiolucent line
ex- median palatal suture of the maxilla
126
in the anterior region, how does a normal alveolar crest look?
sharp and pointed
| radiopaque
127
pulp cavity
pulp chamber and pulp canals
contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
relatively radiolucent
128
How do caries appear on radiographs?
Radoilucent
radiographs are important in the detection of interproximal caries
129
Cortical bone
aka compact bone or dense outer layer of bone
radiopaque
makes the inferior border of the mandible
130
what type of error appears as a thin radiolucent line?
creasing
131
zygomatic process of maxilla
bony projection of maxilla that articulates with the zygoma or malar (cheek) bone
on a maxillary periapical radiograph, this appears as J or U shaped radiopacity located superior to the maxillary first molar region
132
spine
sharp, thronlike projection of bone
example- anterior nasal spine
radiopaque
133
What type of cyst includes any that is formed because of a tooth?
Odontogenic cyst
can be periapical, residual, or dentigerous
134
mental fossa
scooped out depressed area of bone located on external surface of anterior mandibular incisor region
radiolucent area above mental ridge
135
mental ridge
linear prominence of cortical bone located on the external surface of anterior portion of mandible
extends from premolar region to the midline and slopes slightly upward
thick radiopaque band that extends from premolar to incisor region
appear superimposed over mandibular anterior teeth
136
mental foramen
opening or hole in the bone located on the external surface of mandible in region of mandibular premolars
in a mandibular periapical xray, this appears as a small ovid or round radiolucent area located in the apical region of mandibular premolars
frequently misdiagnosed as a periapical lesion because of it's apical location
137
body
horizontal U shaped portion that extends from ramus to ramus
138
nasal cavity
pear shaped compartment of bone located superior to the maxilla
floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the palatal processes of the maxilla and the horizontal portions of palatine bones
lateral walls of the nasal cavity are formed by the ethmoid bone and the maxillae
divided by a bony partition or wall, called nasal septum
large radiolucent area above maxillary incisors
139
class 6 rampant caries
severe, unchecked caries affecting multiple teeth
140
What is a nonodontogenic cyst?
any cyst not arising from a tooth, includes incisive canal cyst (nasopalatine) and glubomaxillary cyst located between the lateral and canine
141
what type of error appears stretched, distorted on a film on PSP receptors?
bending
142
Fractures
thin radiolucent lines similar to nutrient canals, may or may not line up to bone.
143
attrition
mechanical wearing down of teeth. May be seen on incisal or occlusal surfaces of teeth. When the incisal or occlusal enamel is worn away, the dentin wears rapidly, and shallow concavities form which are mistaken for caries.
144
What bitewings are more useful for examining periodontium?
vertical rather than horizontal
