EXAM 4 Emerging and Zoonotic Infections

Question 1

___ is an infection that naturally occurs in an insect or animal host that also can subsequently infect humans

Answer 1

zoonotic pathogen

Question 2

the following are examples of what?

a new infection, never before seen

an infection that is known, but newly emerging in new hosts or geographies

an infection that has always been there, but not tested for

Answer 2

an emerging pathogen

Question 3

what are 4 human activities to blame for emerging zoonotic infections?

Answer 3

• habitat disruption or restoration
• exotic foods
• global travel
• food globalization

Question 4

>50% of ___ cases result in long-lasting relapsing arthralgia

Answer 4

chikungunya virus

Question 5

chikungunya virus is closely related and serologically cross-reactive to ___

Answer 5

o’nyong’nyong

Question 6

zika virus is part of the ___ family and is vectored by ___ spp of mosquito

Answer 6

• flaviviridae
• aedes

Question 7

___ is a common symptom of zika virus infection

Answer 7

conjunctivitis

Question 8

is death common from zika virus infections?

Answer 8

no

Question 9

microcephaly in Brazil and Guillain-Barre syndromes are linked to ___

Answer 9

zika virus

Question 10

what is the most common mechanism of transmission of zika virus?

Answer 10

blood transfusions

• also mosquito bites, sexual transmission, congenital infection

Question 11

there was one case of person-to-person nonsexual transmission of the zika virus in the US. what was determined to be the mode of transmission?

Answer 11

direct contact with the infected patients tears

(direct transmission between patients)

Question 12

___ antibody testing is one method used to diagnose for zika virus

Answer 12

IgM

(IgM Antibody Capture ELISA)

Question 13

___ is an emerging GI pathogen, infected humans are a vector, and distribution is in tropical/subtropical regions

Answer 13

cyclospora cayetanensis

Question 14

what are the clinical symptoms of cyclospora?

Answer 14

watery diarrhea, vomiting, and low fever

Question 15

in the life cycle of cyclospora, the oocysts are not infective when ___

Answer 15

shed

no direct human-to-human transmission

Question 16

there have been 4 major recent outbreaks of cyclospora in the united states from what type of food?

Answer 16

cilantro

some other foods as well, like raspberries and basil

Question 17

cyclospora is diagnosed via ___ or ___

Answer 17

molecular multiplex panel testing or microscopy

molecular multiplex panel testing is much better

Question 18

what is the treatment for cyclospora cayetanensis infection?

Answer 18

trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole

Question 19

all cases of ___ have been linked to saudi arabia

Answer 19

coronaviriae (MERS)

Question 20

MERS has a ___% fatality rate

Answer 20

30-40%

Question 21

MERS coronaviridae is a ___ pathogen, likely spread through ___

Answer 21

• respiratory
• respiratory secretions - caregivers and household contacts can become infected

can cause severe acute respiratory illness

Question 22

what is the possible origin of MERS coronaviridae?

Answer 22

bats and camels

Question 23

to avoid contracting ___, contact with ill travelers from the arabian peninsula and camel contact should be avoided

Answer 23

MERS coronaviridae

Question 24

is MERS coronaviridae highly pathogenic?

Answer 24

yes, and it has a high case fatality rate

Question 25

MERS coronaviridae has a ___ risk for dental clinics

Answer 25

high

Question 26

\_\_\_, aka "bird flu", has been found rarely in Asia with poultry handlers, and has no direct human-to-human transmission

Answer 26

avian influenza

Question 27

\_\_\_ infection causes a tick-borne relapsing fever and is associated with deer tick bites (no direct human-to-human transmission), and is rare in the US

Answer 27

borrelia miyamotoi

Question 28

\_\_\_ and ___ are tick-borne diseases that are widespread in the US/Canada, and are associated with deer tick bites (no direct human-to-human transmission)

Answer 28

anaplasma and ehrlichia

Question 29

\_\_\_ is a filovirus, associated with infected fruit bats or primates (before person-to-person occurs), and patient body fluids are highly infectious

Answer 29

ebola virus

Question 30

\_\_\_ is associated with handling amphibians, reptiles, and birds

Answer 30

salmonella

Question 31

\_\_\_ is associated with petting zoos and farm animal exposures

Answer 31

shiga-like toxin producing e. coli

Question 32

\_\_\_ is a zoonotic pathogen contracted from bites of infected animals

Answer 32

rabies

Question 33

\_\_\_ causes lyme disease and is contracted from tick bites

Answer 33

borrelia burgdorferi

Question 34

\_\_\_ causes rocky mountain spotted fever and is contracted from tick bites

Answer 34

rocky mountain spotted fever

Question 35

how is west nile virus spread?

Answer 35

mosquito bites

Question 36

\_\_\_ is spread through contaminated water

Answer 36

cryptosporidium

Question 37

\_\_\_ is spread through contaminated water and aerosolized spores

Answer 37

microsporidia

Question 38

\_\_\_ is spread through lake water exposure in nostrils

Answer 38

naegleria fowleri

Question 39

the ___ mosquito is a vector for chikungunya

Answer 39

aedes aegypti

Question 40

chikungunya is diagnosed via ___ antibody detection, and is cross-reactive with other alphaciruses, like \_\_\_

Answer 40

* IgM * o'nyong'nyong