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Bio-M200 > Exam 4 fast > Flashcards

Exam 4 fast Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

Gram negative diplococcic cells in CNS

Treat with intravenous penicillin

A

Meningitis

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2
Q

Diplocci observed in dishcarge

Oxidase test for cytochrome c oxidase comes up purple (positive)

A

Gonorrhea

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3
Q

Mutualistic function of E. coli

A

vitamin K production

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4
Q

Organism is a gram negative rod and exotoxin are identifiable
Patient likely has gastroenteritis
virulence genes on plasmids

A

Typical E. coli

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5
Q

Non-invasive E. coli infection
Causes traveller’s diarrhea
treat with rehydration and pepto

A

Entertoxigenic E. coli

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6
Q

E. coli causes dysentery like disease that invades intestinal wall causing inflammation and fever

A

Enterinvasive E. coli

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7
Q

E. coli responsible for infant diarrhea

A

Enteropathogenic E. coli

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8
Q

E. coli causes hemorrhagic colitis and is associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome in children and elderly

A

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli

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9
Q

Bacteria is gram negative, non-motile rod. Its capsule protects from phagocytosis. This capsule give the colony a mucoid appearance.
Normal skin microbiota

A

Klebsiella pneumonia

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10
Q

When grown at room temperature this organism produces a red pigment.
Can grow in saline and is opportunistic of the immunocompromised in urinary and respiratory tracts

A

Serratia marsecans

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11
Q

Gram negative organism with gliding motility
Found on any dead and decaying matter
Rapid urease test result

A

Proteus mirabilis

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12
Q

Type III secretion systems inject proteins that inhibit phagocytosis, rearrangeeukaryotic cytoskeletons, or induce apoptosis

A

Truly pathogenic enterbacteriaceae

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13
Q

Typhoid fever
Gastroenteritis (and bacteria can get to blood through ulcerations)
Survives phagocytosis

A

Salmonella typhi

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14
Q

gram negative rod
fever, cramps, vomiting
organism can punch through epithelial walls and into blood stream

A

Salmonella typhimurium salmonellosis

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15
Q

Re-hydration and 250+ doses of chloramphenicol

removal of gal bladder

A

S. Typhi treatment

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16
Q

Gram negative and non-motile
the toxin typically induces diarrhea
Genus can cause dysentary

A

Shigella

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17
Q

High fever, swollen lymph nodes (buba)

A

Yersinia Pestis

Bubonic plauge

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18
Q

gram negative rod
Rapidly developing lung infection
Poor hygiene and possibly fleas

A

Yersinia Pestis

Pneumonic plague

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19
Q

gram negative rod causing intestinal inflammation

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

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20
Q 
Small pleomorphic (no set shape) bacilli 
Obligate parasite (requires heme and NAD+ for growth)
A

Haemophilus

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21
Q

Common form of meningitis of infants

Can cause skin infections, sepsis, etc…

A

Haemophilus influenza

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22
Q

Gram negative, non motile, short rods
Organism uses filamentous hemagglytinin to attach to ciliated epithelia in lungs (toxin helps and deters phagocytes)
Signature symptom in patients, limited response to antibacterials

A

Bordetella pertussis

Whooping cough

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23
Q

gram negative, motile, rod
opportunistic of immune-compromised patients and able to colonize almost any organ
capsule with numerous
produces a biofilm capable of gene transfer
Tests catalase positive
beta hemolytic on blood agar
produces pyocyanin

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

fimbriae and adhesins for attachment.
toxins inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells

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24
Q

Predominantly colonize respiratory track
invades and proliferates in phagocytes
causes pontiac fever and its namesake disease

A

Legionella pneumophila

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25
gram negative, motile, oxidase positive, curved rod salt tolerant (and some require it) "rice water diarrhea"
Vibrio cholera
26
This toxin has two subunits, a and b. a1 triggers enzyme cascade converting AMP to cAMP in epithelial cells
Cholera toxin
27
gram negative, motile, oxidase positive, curved rod salt tolerant Causes gastroenteritis and wound infections and can result from bad shellfish
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
28
gram negative, motile, oxidase positive, curved rod salt tolerant Can result from washing wounds in sea water. Wounds take form of blistering dermatitis
Vibrio vulnificus
29
Organism has no cell walls Two membranes without peptidoglycan between them Obligate intracellular parasite that needs to be inside the phagosome
Chlamydia
30
Chlamydia life cycle
``` Elementary body (EB) attaches to host cell receptor enters via endocytosis converts to Reticulate body (RB) in food vesicle rapid division, some switch back to EB before cell ruptures ```
31
Only two known hosts; us and mice Infects conjunctiva of the eye which scars and eyelashes turn backward which abrades the eyes can infect newborns at birth or transmission by flies
Chlamydia trachomatis
32
Small painless lesions around genitals Painful urination and intercourse may cause buboes Most common STD
Chlamydia LGV
33
General characteristics of a Eukaryote
Membrane bound organelles 80s ribosome nucleus undulating flagella
34
Haploid and diploid refer to
the number of complete copes of the cell's genome | 1 and 2
35
Interphase
Step 1 | DNA replicates
36
Mitosis
Step 2 an equal partitioning of replicated DNA between two nuclei 2n to 2n
37
Cytokinesis
Step 3 cytoplasmic division cleavage or in the case of yeast, budding
38
Meiosis
An equal partitioning of replicated DNA between four nuclei | 2n to 1n
39
Schizogony
Multiple rounds of mitosis form a multinucleate cell called a schizont Multiple rounds of (mitoses and) cytokinesis form several merozites occurs mostly in parasitic protozoans
40
Protozoa
Unicellular ubiquitous motile (pseudopodia, cilia, flagellum)
41
Protozoan nutrition
``` Most are chemo-organo-heterotrophs Predators of bacteria and each other Feed on decaying organic matter Consume host tissues Some are photosynthetic while others are mixotrophs (both) ```
42
Trohpozoite
Free living motile feeding stage of a protozoan
43
Cyst
resting stage that allows cells to survive unfavorable conditions not a reproductive structure pass from intestines of one host to another
44
Dinoflagellates (phylum)
Two (unequal in length) flagella: - Transverse (spin) - Longitudinal (propulsion)
45
Gonyaulax (genus)
Produce yessotoxin (kills fish at high concentrations) If highly concentrated in shellfish then it can harm humans Photosynthetic red pigments (cause of red tide)
46
Pfiesteria (genus)
Possible estuary associated syndrome (PEAS) produce potent neurotoxin parasite of fish
47
Chagas Disease
Trypanosoma Cruza = kinetoplastid: organism with a single large mitochondrion Zoonotic reservoirs: opossums and armadillos transmission by kissing bug
48
Stages of Chagas disease
Acute: swellings (chagomas) occur at site of bite Generalized: fever, swollen lymph nodes, heart inflammation Chronic: asymptomatic (months to years) Symptomatic: heart failiure
49
Chagas disease diagnosis and treatment
xenodiagnosis: allow kissing bug feeding of patient, then disect for evidence of growth 4 weeks later Treat early stages with antiparasitic: benznidazole, nifurtimox (60% cure rate) Later stages require surgery and transplant
50
lives in intestines of humans and animals four pairs of flagella Two equal sized nuclei Form cysts and have an adhesive disk (organism resembles ToV boss)
Giardia intestinalis
51
Giardia intestinalis life cycle
ingestion of cysts: fecal oral or water | Cysts release a trophozoite when activated by stomach acid which enters intestines
52
Often asymptomatic can cause severe watery diarrhea, ab pain, nausea, vomiting, foul-smelling stool (rotten egg) Usually 1-4 weeks, but can be reinfected (dog eating poop) Beaver fever
Giardiasis
53
Infects olfactory nerve and can spread up to brain (inhaled trophozoites from water) Primary: loss of smell, headavhe, fever, vomiting, stiff neck (3-5 days) Secondary: hallucinations, confusion, ataxia (loss of muscle control) Death within 3-7 days or primary symptoms
Amoebic Meningoencephalitits | Naegleria fowleri
54
Chitin in the cell wall?
Must be a fungi
55
Yeast
small, globular, single cells
56
Mold
Long branched tubular hyphae
57
Mycelium
Intertwined mass of hyphae (can even become visible to unaided)
58
Fungi reproductive structures
Yeasts: buds Mushrooms and molds: spores (sporangia, conidia, basidia) easily dispersed Chlamydospore: resting structure that survives unfavorable conditions
59
Haustoria
structure that allows a fungi to obtain nutrients from a living organism (modified hyphae)
60
Commonly found in moist soils with high N levels (bat caves) Two strains / variants
Histoplasma Capsulatum: - Var. capsulatum - Var. dubiosii True pathogen
61
Fungal disease that resembles tuberculosis Does not typically infect the healthy severe coughing, bloody sputum
Histoplasmosis | H. capsulatum
62
``` culture and observe morphology Hyphae seen at <30C and spiny spores yeasts grow at 37C Treatment: ketoconazole amphotericin B ```
Histoplasmosis
63
Ketoconazole
prevents formation of fungal cell membrane (ergosterol)
64
amphotericin B
punches holes in fungal cell membranes
65
True pathogenic fungi
Blastomyces dermatidis Coccidiodes immitis Histoplasma capsulatum Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis
66
One of the few fungi to be transmitted from person to person | Normal microbiota of skin
Candida albicans
67
white plaque in the mouth cloudy vision and lesion within the eye Yeast infections: prolific growth after normal bacterial microbiota are disrupted (change in vaginal pH)
Candidiasis
68
(___) administered nystatin (works like amphtericin b) | (___) use of azole creams and suppositories or oral fluconazole
Orally | Vaginal
69
ubiquitous and opportunistic pathogen of potentially anywhere on the body Typically molds fruits
Aspergillus niger
70
hypersensitivity: asthma or allergic reactions to inhaled spores non-invasive: ball like masses of hyphae in lungs (aspergillomas) [asymptomatic] acute-invasive: severe lung damage (surgical action necessary)
Aspergillosis pulmonary
71
Fungal growth in sinuses, ear canals, conjunctivas
Aspergillosis non-pulmonary
72
bacteriophage
insert genetic material directly into host cell dsDNA d20 on a pillar with legs
73
Animal viruses
Entire virus is taken in by cell, often have an envelope | glycoprotein spikes instead of tails
74
direct entry
a pore is created for the viral genome
75
membrane fusion
two membranes come together and fuse (like liquid drops). A hole is created for the capsid to insert
76
endocytosis
entire virus is endocytized
77
DNA viruses use the (___) to replicate while RNA viruses use the (___)
nucleus | cytoplasm
78
``` dsDNA pleomorphic capsule and envelope infection via close contact and inhalation (droplets or crusts) envelope is unstable outside of host species immunity for many strains ```
Poxviridae (family)
79
Degrees of Lesions
Macule: flat red Papule: raised Vesicle: clear fluid Pustule: opaque pus
80
Orthopoxvirus variola
smallpox virus initially infects the internal organs then moves out to skin 1978 last natural case, Janet Parker was last death
81
enveloped, polyhedral capsids, dsDNA most prevalent DNA viruses remains inactive inside infected cells until ready for a reoccurence latent infections hang out in the ganglia
Herpesviridae (family) HHV 1 - casual contact (often children) HHV 2 - STD
82
Syncytia
cells with the virus fuse with adjacent cells and spread the virus
83
Varicella-Zoster virus
HHV 3 | causes chicken pox and shingles
84
dsDNA, naked, icosahedral capsid | (___): benign growths (warts) on epithelium
Papillomaviridae | papillomas
85
seed warts
fingers and toes | cauliflower appearance
86
planar warts
soles of the feet
87
flat warts
trunk, face, knees | cauliflower appearance with a bed of red surrounding
88
Rhinovirus (genus)
naked, +ssRNA It's a cold meds can relieve symptoms, but the symptoms are how your body fights back. you might as well just ride it out
89
Orthomyxovirus
enveloped, -ssRNA, segmented | flu virus
90
Influenza
orthomyxovirus
91
Morbilivirus (genus)
enveloped, unsegmented, -ssRNA
92
``` Caused by morbilivirus which infects respiratory track then spreads Characteristic lesions (Koplik's spots) in mouth ```
Measles
93
Retroviridae (family)
most studied virus group genome contains two identical molecules of +ssRNA polyhedral capsule with spiked envelope Virus transcribes dsDNA from ssRNA (which is backwards to every organism on earth) [possible with reverse transcriptase]
94
HIV
replicates in our immune cells and destroys them | Immunity prevented because of antigenic variability with gp120 (facilitates attachment) and gp41 (fusion)
95
AIDS
not a disease AIDS is any of a certain opportunistic or rare infection that: - occurs in presence of antibodies against HIV - a CD4 white blood cell count below 200 cells / micro-liter of blood Treat with reverse transcirptase inhibitors and fusion inhibitors
96
Lytic Cycle
- Virus attaches - Entry (injection of viral DNA) - Virus starts to take over - Virus chops up host chromosome and enzymes injected with DNA. Phage DNA is replicated, transcribed to RNA, and translated - Viral proteins are made - Assembly of viral proteins - cell is ruptured via lysis, and the new viruses released
97
Lysogenic Cycle
Lysogeny happens between entry and virus take over (2 and 3) - Host chromosome is left in tact an the viral DNA is inserted - the bacteria grows and divides, replicating virus with it - When virus feels threatened it chops up genome and resumes Lytic cycle

Bio-M200 (6 decks)

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