Exam 4: FINAL (Heart and Taste) Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
What side of the heart receives dO2 blood
A
right
2
Q
What side of the heart receives O2 blood
A
left
3
Q
What chambers pump together
A
The atria together and the ventricles together
4
Q
What chamber receives blood returning from systemic circuit
A
Right Atrium
5
Q
What chamber receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit
A
Left Atrium
6
Q
What chamber pumps blood through systemic circuit
A
Left Ventricle
7
Q
What chamber pumps blood through pulmonary circuit
A
Right Ventricle
8
Q
What valve types are between atria and ventricles
A
Atrioventricular Valves
9
Q
What valve types are between ventricles and major arteries
A
semilunar valves
10
Q
What is the relaxed state of the heart called
A
systole
11
Q
What is the shortest circulation in the body
A
coronary circulation
12
Q
When is coronary circulation delived
A
when the heart is relaxed
13
Q
What is your BP when the heart is contracting
A
inhibited
14
Q
What is angina pectoris
A
- thoracic pain caused from scute deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium
- Cells are weakened
15
Q
What is myocardial infarction
A
- Heart attack
- Prolonged coronary bloackage
- Areas of cell death are repaired with noncontractile scar tissue
16
Q
What do gap junctions allow for?
A
Allows for ions to pass from cell to cell, electrically couple adjacent cells
17
Q
What is a function syncytium, and is the heart it?
A
Yes it is, it allows the organ to act as one unit
18
Q
What is an ectopic pacemaker?
A
- 5 are within each ventricle
-kick in to create tetanic twitches
19
Q
What is the sequence of excitation
A
- SA node
- AV node
- Atrioventricular bundle
- R/L bundle branches
- Subendocardial conducting network (PFs)
20
Q
What is the Sinoatrial node
A
- Pacemaker of heart in right atrial wall
- Depolarizes faster then the rest of the myocardium
- Generates impulses
21
Q
What is the Atrioventricular node
A
- Delays impulses
- Fibers are smaller in diameter, have fewer gap junctions
- Allows for atrial contraction prior to ventricular contraction
22
Q
What is the bundle of His
A
Only electrical connection between atria and ventricles
23
Q
Where is the bundle of His located?
A
in the superior interventricular septum
24
Q
What are the left and right bundle branches?
A
- Carry impulses toward the apex of the heart
- 2 pathways in interventricular septum
- Speeds up
25
What is the fastest rate of transmission
Purkinje fibers
26
What can an electrocardiography detect
electrical currents generated by the heart
27
What is an electrocardiogram
- graphic recordings of electrical activity
- Composite of all action potentials at a given time, not a tracing of a single ap
28
What is the p-wave
depolarization of SA node and atria
29
What is the QRS complex
ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
30
What is the T-wave
ventricular repolorization
31
What is the P-R interval
beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
32
What is the S-T segment
entire ventericular myocardium depolorized
33
What is the Q-T interval
beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
34
What can an enlargered R wave indicate
enlarged ventricules
35
What happens to the heart when it has to work really hard
it enlarged
36
What is the typical size of a normal heart
fist
37
what is the size of an overworked heart
600lbs, beachball
38
What does an elevated or depressed S-T segment indicate
cardiac ischemia
39
What does a prolonged Q-T interval reveal
a repolorization abnormally that increases risk of ventricular arrhythmias
40
What does a junctional rhythm indicate
- SA node is nonfunctional
- So P waves are absent and the AV node paces the heart for 40-60 beats per minute
41
What does a Second-degree heart block indicate
- AV node fails to conduct some SA node impulses
- More P waves than QRS, typically 2 P's for 1 QRS
42
What does a Ventricular fibrillation indicate
- Electrical activity is disorganized
- Action potentials occur randomly through ventricles
- results in chaotic and abnormal ECG, seen in acute heart attack and after electrical shock
- NO ventricular depolorization
43
The cardiac cycle
- During distole you have blood flow (A-->V)
- Hypertension: back pressure of aorta
- Ventricles must have the same output of SV; still different pressures
44
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute
- CO=SV*HR
45
what is vagal tone
46
Pathway of light
Light travels through air--> cornea--> pupil--> lens--> vitrous body--> retina (inverted)--> rods and cones--> Bipolar cells--> Ganglion cells--> visual cortex
47
What is a heart murmur
abnormal heart sounds heard when blood hits obstruction
- Indicates valve problems
48
Do valve issues show up on ECG
yes!
49
What are the only two things that can regulate the heart
Stroke value and heart rate
50
Incompetent valves
fails to close completely allows back flow of blood, swishing sounds as blood is regurgitated
51
Stenotic Valve
fail to open completely, restricting blood flow through valve, causes high pitched sound bc the blood flow is restricted
52
Cardiac reserve
difference between resting and maximal Cardiac output
53
What is the formula for stroke value
SV=EDV-ESV
54
ESV
- affected by arterial BP and force of ventricular contraction (~50ml/beat)
55
EDV
affected by length of ventricular diastole and venous pressure (~120ml/beat)
56
What are the three factors that affect stroke volume
- Preload, contractility and afterload
57
Preload
degree of stretch of heart myos
58
greater preload leads to a greater what?
greater force of contraction
59
Contractility
contractile strength at given myo length
60
what does increased contractility lower?
ESV
61
What happens when you have a greater release of Ca++
the greater the contraction strength
- epi/norepi causes this influx
62
afterload
back pressure exerted by arterial blood
- pressure ventricles mus overcome to eject blood
63
What is aortic pressure around?
80mmHg
64
What is pulmonary trunk pressure around?
10mmHg
65
What do positive chronotropic factors do
increase heart rate
66
What do negative chronotropic factors do
decrease heart rate
67
What make up the nervous system
Parasympathetic (Vagus Nerve) (Decrease heart rate)
Sympathetic (CardioA Nerve)(increase heart rate)
68
What can heart rate be regulated by
- ANS
- Chemicals
- Other factors (age, gender, exercise, body temp)
69
How does ACH hyperpolorize pacemaker cells
by opening K+ channels, slows heart rate
70
Hypocalcemia
depressed heart rate
71
Hypercalcemia
increases heart rate and contractility
72
Hyperkalemia
alters electrical activity, which can lead to heart block and cardiac arrest
*worst one
73
Hypokalemia
results in feeble heart beat, arrhythmias
74
When does a human have the fastest heart rate
as a fetus, declines with age
75
Tachycardia
abnormally fast heart rate (>100 bpm)
76
Bradycardia
heart rate slower then 60bpm
77
What is Congestive Heart Failure
-Progressive condition, CO is so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs
78
What is Coronary atherosclerosis
clogged arteries caused by fat buildup, impairs O2 delivery
79
Dilated cardiomyopathy
ventricles stretch and become flabby and myocardium deteriorates.
80
What does left sided heart failure result in
-Pulmonary Congestion
- Blood backs up into the lungs
81
What does right sided heart failure result in
-Peripheral congestion
- Blood pools in body organs, causes edema
82
What is the treatment for one sided heart failure
removal of fluid, drugs to reduce after load and increase contractility
83
What is the Tetralogy of fallot
- 4 failures of the heart
84
What are the effectors of the somatic NS
skeletal muscle
85
What are the effectors of the Autonomic NS
cardiac myo and smooth myo (bladder, arteries, arterioles and gut), all glands
86
What does the Autonomic NS consist of
- Motor neurons that send output for making changes
87
What nerve system innervate the smooth myo and cardiac myo and glands
ANS
88
What tissue does not have dual innervation
adrenal gland
89
What innervates the adrenal gland
sympathetic nervous system
90
Anatomical- Parasympathetic
1. Fibers originate in brain stem or sacral spinal cord
2a. Preganglion fibers are long
2b. Postganglion fibers are short
3. Ganglia are within near visceral effector tissues
91
What is the other name for the Parasympathetic NS
Cranial sacral
92
Anatomical- Sympathetic
1. Fibers originate in thoracic and lumbar Spinal Cord
2a. Preganglion fibers are short
2b. Post-ganglion fibers are long
3. Ganglia are close to Spinal Cord
93
What is the other name for the Sympathetic NS
Thoraxalumbar (T1-T12; L1-L3)
94
What do all somatic motor neurons release
ACH which has excitatory effect
95
In the ANS what do the preganglionic fibers release
ACH (+)
96
In the ANS what do the postganglionic fibers release
norepi/ACh and its (-/+)
97
What are the two types of receptors that bind ACH
nicotinic an muscerinic
98
Where are nicotinic receptors found?
motor end plates (somatic targets) on skeletal myo
99
What is always the effect of ACh when it binds to nicotinic receptors
Always stimulatory
100
Where do Muscarinic receptors occur on
all effector cells stimulated by post ganglionic cholinergic fibers
101
What is the effects of ACh binding to Muscarinic receptors
- Can be either -/+
- Depends on # of receptor types of the target organ and subclass of receptor
102
M1 Receptor
- exocrine glands
- Excitatory
103
M2 receptor
- inhibitory
- Located in heart where they slow heart rate to normal sinus rhythmW
104
What are the two types of adrenergic receptors
alpha and beta
105
What are the alpha adernergic receptors
A1, A2
106
What are the beta adernergic receptors
B1, B2, B3
107
What are the effects of norepi binding to alpha receptors
generally stimulatory
108
What are the effects of norepi binding to beta receptors
generally inhibatory; except for epi and ne on the heart thats stimulatory
109
What is the role of the parasympathetic divison
- Concerned with keeping the body energy use low
- Down Regulation
- Relaxing after a meal, regulates BP, lowers heart rate, lower respiratory rate
- Gastrointestional tract activity is high, skin is warm, pupils are constricted
- D activites
110
What are the parasymp. D Activities
Digestion, defecation, and diuresis
111
What is the role of the sympathetic divison
- Fight or flight, up regulation
- Involves E activities
- Promotes adjustments during exercise, blood flow to organ is reduced, flow to myos in increased
- Epi/ne is released and heart rate increases, breathing is rapid/deep, skin is cold/sweaty and pupils dilate
112
What are the symp. E Activities
- exercise, excitement, embarrassment, and emergency
113
What does symp. division control
BP and keeps the blood vessels in continual state of partial constriction
- Prompts BV's to dilate is BP is too low
114
What do alpha blockers interfere with
vasomotor fibers that are sued to treat hypertension
115
What does parasymp. tone slow
slows the heart rate
116
What does parasymp. tone dictate
the normal acitivty levevls of the digestive and urinary systems
117
What does atropine
speeds up heart by blocking M2, blocks the ACH receptors
118
Phasic response
phases out, sensory adaptation, brain can become overwhelmed so it ignores till the stimulus strength changes
119
Tonic response
brain is constantly recieving information
120
What are the special senses of the body
vision, taste, smell and hearing
121
What are pacinian receptors
receptors on the skin that look like an onion, when they layers are squeezed there is a potential at threshold
122
What is a naked receptor
a receptor that has no protection
123
What determines the function of a receptor
the structure
124
Photoreceptors
respond to light energy only, eye has greatest signal to noise ration, suppresses lots of noise
- Location: Retina and back of knee
125
Thermoreceptors
sensitive to changes in temp, response for picking up kinetic energy changes
126
Do you have hot and cold receptors?
nope! only 1 they just change
127
Chemoreceptors
response to chemicals, structure is set up only for chemical responding, like change in blood chem, taste and smell
128
Mechanoreceptors
respond to touch, pressure, vibration and stretch
129
Nociceptors
pain receptors, extreme heat/cold, excessive pressure
130
Exteroreceptors
external receptors, responds to stimuli arising outside body, on most special sense organs, in skin for touch/pressure/pain/temp
131
Interoceptors
- responds to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels, sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch and temp changes,
- can cause discomfort, but usually unnoticed
132
Prorioceptors
responds to stretch in skeletal myos, tendons, joints and ligaments, CT coverings of bones and myos
- Informs the brain of ones movement
133
What are the chemical senses
gustation and olfaction
134
To taste something what must happen
the substance must be dissolved in aliva
135
To smell something what must happen
the substance must be dissolved in fluids of nasal membrane
136
Taste buds
- Most of the 10,000 are found on the tounge
137
Where on the tongue are tastebuds found?
in papillae of the tongue mucosa
138
What are the three types of papillae
filiform, fungiform, circumvallate
139
What types of papillae contain taste buds
fungiform and circumvallate
140
What does each tastebud consist of
- 3 cell types- supporting, basal and gustatory cells
141
What do supporting cells do
insulate the receptor
142
What are basal cells
dynamic stem cells
143
What are gustatory cells
taste cells
144
What are the five basic taste sensations
Sour, bitter, umami, sweet, salty
145
Sweet taste
sugars, saccharin, alcohol, some AA's
146
Salty taste
metal ions
147
Umami Taste
elicited by the AA glutamate
148
Bitter taste
alkaloids like quinine and nicotine
149
Sour taste
Hydrogen ions
150
In order to taste a chemical it must..
- Be dissolved in saliva
- Must be in contact with gustatory hairs
151
What does the binding of the food chemical do
- depolorizes the taste cell membrane releasing a neurotransmitter
- unitates a generator potential (EPSP) that elicts and AP
152
Taste Transduction
Stimulus energy of taste is converted into a nerve impulse by frequency of AP that gave sensation
153
What out of the taste sensations are ligand gated
Sour and Salt
154
What is the taste pathway:
1. CN 7&9 carry impulse from TB's to solitary nuclus of medulla
2. Impulses travel to thalamus and fibers branch to gustatory cortex (taste) and hypothal/limbic system (appreciation of taste)
155
Influence of other senses on Tasre
- Taste is 80% smell
- Temp and texture enhance/distract from taste
- Thermo, mechano, nociceptors influence
156
Contralateral switching
crossing of nerves at medulla
157
Ipsilateral switching
no crossing of nerves
