Exam 4; Memory and Learning Flashcards
1
Q
cognition
A
the way in which we use and store information in memory
2
Q
learning
A
a relatively permanent change in behavior, or behavior potential, as a result of experience
3
Q
memory
A
the storage, processing, and retrieval of information in the mind
4
Q
language
A
a well-developed, syntactical verbal system for representing the world
5
Q
intelligence
A
abilities that enable you to adapt to your environment and behave in a goal-directed way
6
Q
orienting reflex
A
the tendency of an organism to orient its senses toward unexpected stimuli
7
Q
habituation
A
the tendency of an organism to ignore repeated stimuli
8
Q
dishabituation
A
re-responding to a stimulus to which one has habituated
9
Q
Which of the following is an example of habituation?
a) Juan was teasing the family dog when it bit him. Because of the pain of the bite, Juan learned not to tease the dog again
b) Teresa was trying to learn to knit. At first, she had to consciously think about what she was doing, but after practicing 3 hours, Teresa could knit without thinking about it
c) Janel just bought a new puppy. At first, the dog’s barking was distracting to Janel as she tried to watch TV, but after a while Janel did not notice the puppy’s barking
d) Kerry loved her partner very much. Now that they have broken up, every time she hears their favorite song on the radio, Kerry starts to cry
A
c) Janel just bought a new puppy. At first, the dog’s barking was distracting to Janel as she tried to watch TV, but after a while Janel did not notice the puppy’s barking
10
Q
Fido the puppy tilts his head up and sniffs the air as he smells his owner cooking dinner in the kitchen. Fido is exhibiting ______.
a) habituation
b) dishabituation
c) an orienting reflex
d) a + c
A
c) an orienting reflex
11
Q
Which of the following would likely have the capacity for habituation?
a) a 3 month old human baby
b) an adult monkey
c) an adult dog
d) all of the above
A
d) all of the above
12
Q
unconditioned stimulus (US)
A
a stimulus that naturally elicits a response in an organism
13
Q
unconditioned response (UR)
A
the response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
14
Q
neutral stimulus (NS)
A
a stimulus that does not naturally elicit the unconditioned response in an organism
15
Q
conditioned stimulus (CS)
A
a stimulus that elicits a conditioned response in an organism
16
Q
conditioned response (CR)
A
the response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus
17
Q
classical conditioning
A
learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus; because of this pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus with the same power as the unconditioned stimulus to elicit the response in the organism
18
Q
contiguity
A
the degree to which two stimuli occur close together in time
19
Q
contingency
A
the degree to which the presentation of one stimulus reliably predicts the presentation of the other stimulus
20
Q
forward (delayed) conditioning
A
CS comes first, but continues until US starts. Conditioning occurs readily
21
Q
forward (trace) conditioning
A
CS comes first, ends before start of US. Conditioning occurs readily, but response is somewhat weak
22
Q
forward trace conditioning with longer delay
A
conditioning is weaker
23
Q
simultaneous conditioning
A
CS and US co-occur. In most cases, conditioning is weak or hard to demonstrate
24
Q
backward conditioning
A
CS follows US. After a few repetitions, CS becomes inhibitory - that is, a signal for a time of absence of the US - and conditioning is weak
25
stimulus generalization
responding in a like fashion to similar stimuli
26
stimulus discrimination
responding only to a particular stimulus
27
taste aversion
classical conditioning that occurs when an organism pairs the experience of nausea with a certain food and becomes conditioned to feel ill at the sight, smell, or idea of the food
28
biological preparedness
a genetic tendency to learn certain responses very easily
29
aversion therapy
a type of therapy that uses classical conditioning to condition people to avoid certain stimuli
30
extinction
the removal of a conditioned response
31
acquisition
the process of learning a conditioned response or behavior
32
spontaneous recovery
during extinction, the tendency for a conditioned response to reappear and strengthen over a brief period of time before re-extinguishing
33
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
a) Damon learns to ride a bike by watching his older brother
b) Sally likes the smell of rose perfume because her partner used to wear rose scented cologne.
c) After 20 minutes in the daycare center, Ralph barely notices the squealing of the children at play
d) Ted never speeds after receiving a $500 fine for speeding
b) Sally likes the smell of rose perfume because her partner used to wear rose scented cologne
34
Which of the following is the best example of a US-UR pair in first order classical conditioning?
a) receiving money -- happiness
b) an electric shock to the finger -- jerking one's finger away
c) receiving a promotion -- working overtime
d) seeing a snake -- fear
b) an electric shock to the finer -- jerking one's finger away
35
Janna, a real estate agent, desperately wants to sell a home. Janna tells the owner to place a pan of vanilla extract in the oven and heat it just before the prospective buyers arrive to look at the house. Janna knows that the smell of vanilla in the house will increase the chance that the buyers will like the house because they have been classically conditioned to respond favorably to the smell of vanilla. In this example, what is the CR?
a) the pleasant emotions evoked by the smell of vanilla
b) the smell of vanilla
c) the memory of Grandma baking cookies
d) the house
a) the pleasant emotions evoked by the smell of vanilla
36
Jamal was eating a hotdog on a Ferris while, and while on the ride Jamal became ill from motion sickness. Afterward, Jamal developed a conditioned taste aversion to hotdogs. Jamal's story best illustrates the fact that classically conditioned taste aversions can be learned even when there is a lack of ___________.
a) contingency
b) contiguity
c) both a and b
d) none of the above
a) contingency
37
Wanda developed a conditioned taste aversion to pickles as a child. Today at age 30, Wanda can once again eat pickles without experiencing nausea. Wanda's ability to now eat pickles is likely due to _________.
a) dishabituation
b) classical conditioning of a new taste aversion
c) extinction
d) an orienting reflex to pickles
c) extinction
38
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which the organism learns through the consequences of its behavior
39
law of effect
a principle discovered by E.L. Thorndike, which states that behaviors that lead to positive consequences will be strengthened and behaviors that lead to negative consequences will be weakened
40
reinforcement
the strengthening of a response that occurs when the response leads to a pleasant consequence
41
positive reinforcement
strengthening a behavior by adding something pleasant to the environment of the organism
42
negative reinforcement
strengthening a behavior by removing something unpleasant from the environment of the organism
43
punishment
the weakening of a response that occurs when a behavior leads to an unpleasant consequence
44
positive punishment
weakening a behavior by adding something unpleasant to the organism's environment
45
negative punishment
weakening a behavior by removing something pleasant from the organism's environment
46
Skinner Box
device created by B.F. Skinner to study operant behavior in a compressed time frame; in a Skinner box, an organism is automatically reinforced or punished for engaging in certain behaviors
47
extinction burst
a temporary increase in a behavioral response that occurs immediately after extinction has begun
48
schedule of reinforcement
the frequency and timing of the reinforcements that an organism receives
49
continuous reinforcement
a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced for every instance of the desired response
50
partial reinforcement
a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced for only some instances of the desired response
51
fixed ratio schedule
a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced for every xth instance of the desired response
52
variable ratio schedule
a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced on average for every xth instance of the desired response
53
fixed interval schedule
a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced for the first desired response in an xth interval of time
54
variable interval schedule
a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced for the first desired response in an average xth interval of time
55
shaping
using operant conditioning to build a new behavior in an organism by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response
56
instinctive drift
the tendency for an animal who has been conditioned to perform a certain behavior to abandon this learned behavioral response in favor of a more instinctive response
57
behavior modification
using the principles of learning to modify problematic behaviors
58
primary reinforcer
a reinforcer that is reinforcing in and of itself
59
secondary reinforcer
a reinforcer that is reinforcing only because it leads to a primary reinforcer
60
token economy
a system of operant conditioning in which participants are reinforced with tokens that can later be cashed in primary reinforcers
61
delay of gratification
learning to forego immediate reinforcement in favor of waiting for a later, sometimes larger, reinforcement
62
behaviorism
a school of thought in psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior over the study of the mind
63
insight
a sudden realization about how to solve a problem that occurs after an organism has studied the problem for a period of time
64
latent learning
learning that cannot be directly observed in an organism's behavior
65
cognitive map
a mental representation of the environment that is formed through observation of one's environment
66
Denzel wants to increase his son Mario’s tendency to mow the yard on Saturday mornings without having to repeatedly ask him. To do this, Denzel tells Mario that he will pay him $5 when he mows the yard without first having been told to do so. Denzel is using which schedule of reinforcement? a. Fixed interval
b. Variable interval
c. Variable ratio
d. Continuous
d. continuous
67
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
a. Byron doesn’t go to the dentist because the last time he did, it was very painful.
b. Byron is afraid of dentists because the last time he went to the dentist, it was very painful.
c. Byron wants to go to the dentist because when his friend Gina went to the dentist, the dentist gave Gina a toy.
d. All of the above are examples of operant conditioning.
a. Bryon doesn't go to the dentist because the last time he did, it was very painful
68
John’s operantly conditioned his dog, Rover, to shake paws. However, lately John has noticed that when he asks Rover to shake paws, instead of doing so, Rover just sits and barks at John. This failure to perform the conditioned response is most likely due to.
a. shaping
b. instinctive drift
c. spontaneous recovery
d. all of the above
b. instinctive drift
69
When Kim Peek performed his feats of memory for people, they usually reacted with surprise and laughter. These reactions served as that encouraged Kim to continue performing his displays of memory for others.
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. token reinforcers
d. b and c
a. positive reinforcement
70
Credit card points, earned by using the card to make purchases, are an example of and they help card users develop.
a. conditioned stimuli; delay of gratification
b. primary reinforcers; spontaneous recovery
c. tokens; delay of gratification
d. operants; spontaneous recovery
c. tokens; delay of gratification
71
observational learning
learning through observation and imitation of others behavior
72
When Kim Peek’s father attempted to teach Kim how to brush his teeth by modeling for him the process of brushing teeth, he was attempting to teach Kim through.
a. operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. observational learning
d. All of the above
c. observational learning
73
How do observational learning and operant conditioning differ?
a. In observational learning, the person is less aware that learning is taking place. b. In operant conditioning, the person is less aware that learning is taking place. c. In observational learning, the person does not have to engage in the response.
d. In operant conditioning, the person does not have to engage in the response.
c. In observational learning, the person does not have to engage in the response.
74
Albert Bandura’s studies with the Bobo doll can best be described as being.
a. correlational studies
b. true experiments
c. case studies
d. quasi-experiments
b. true experiments
75
Tyrone watches a violent TV show, but he has never imitated any of the behaviors he has seen on the show. Which of the following statements is true regarding Tyrone’s learning? a. Tyrone has not learned anything from watching the show.
b. Tyrone has definitely learned something from watching the show.
c. Tyrone may have learned something from watching the show.
d. At some point in time, Tyrone’s behavior will definitely change as a result of watching the show.
c. Tyrone may have learned something from watching the show
76
encoding
the act of inputting information into memory
77
memory traces
the stored code that represents a piece of information that has been encoded into memory
78
storage
the place where information is retained in memory
79
retrieval
the process of accessing information in memory and pulling it into consciousness
80
consciousness
an organism's awareness of its own mental processes and/or its environment
81
attention
an organism's ability to focus its consciousness on some aspect of its own mental processes and/or its environment
82
explicit memory
the conscious use of memory
83
implicit memory
the unconscious use of memory
84
Your friend asks you to repeat the word “silk” 5 times. Then they ask you the question, “What do cows drink?”. When you answer with “milk”, they laugh and tell you that of course cows drink water. Which of the following best explains why you answered incorrectly? a. Explicit memory
b. Priming
c. A lack of attention
d. None of the above
b. priming
85
Which of the following best illustrates the use of explicit memory?
a. Forgetting to get eggs at the grocery store
b. Trying to remember the name of a woman you once met at a party
c. Automatically thinking of a cat when you see a dog on TV
d. Guessing the correct answer on a multiple-choice test
b. Trying to remember the name of a woman you once met at a party
86
Which of the following best illustrates the use of implicit memory?
a. Knowing the correct answer on a multiple-choice test
b. Trying to remember where you left your car keys c. Forgetting where you left your car keys
d. Tying your shoe while talking on your cell phone
d. Tying your shoe while talking on your cell phone
87
sensory memory
a system of memory that very briefly stores sensory impressions so that we can extract relevant information from them for further processing
88
short-term memory (STM)
a system of memory that is limited in both capacity and duration; in the 3 stages model of memory, STM is seen as the intermediate stage between sensory memory and LTM
89
LTM
a system of memory that works to store memories for a long time
90
coding system
a system of encoding in which memories can be stored in memory using a visual, acoustic (with sound), verbal, or sematic (in terms of meaning) format
91
chunking
a means of using one's limited STM resources more efficiently by combining small bits of information to form larger bits of information, or chunks
92
maintenance rehearsal
repeating information over and over again to keep it in STM for an extended period of time
93
forgetting curve
a graph of the amount of learned information that is forgotten over time
94
elaborative rehearsal
forming associations or links between information one is trying to learn and information already stored in LTM so as to facilitate the transfer of this new information into LTM
95
levels of processing model
a model that predicts that information is processed deeply and elaboratively will be best retained in and recalled from LTM
96
primacy effect
the tendency for people to recall words from the beginning of a list better than words in the middle of the list
97
recency effect
the tendency for people to recall words from the end of the list better than words that appeared in the middle of the list
98
working memory
a multifaceted component of LTM that contains a central executive, an episodic buffer, in a phonological loop, and a visuospatial sketchpad; the function of working memory is to access, move, and process information that we are currently using
99
central executive
the attention-controlling component of working memory
100
Which of the following views of memory can best explain our ability to simultaneously process the music of a video and the images of the video in short-term memory?
a. The three-stages model of memory
b. The working memory view of memory
c. Procedural memory processing
d. Semantic memory processing
b. the working memory view of memory
101
When you are listening to and watching a music video on your computer, which component(s) of memory are you likely to be using?
a. The phonological loop
b. The central executive
c. The visuospatial sketchpad
d. All of the above
d. all of the above
102
Which of the following is the best example of elaborative rehearsal?
a. Reading a chapter in your text three times
b. Relating the material to your personal experiences c. Using flashcards of key concepts in the chapter
d. Rewriting your lecture notes
b. relating the material to your personal experiences
103
You are trying to study your psychology notes, and at the same time you are trying to listen to music online. Which component of working memory is most at work, attempting to divide your attention among these tasks?
a. The phonological loop
b. The central executive
c. Short-term memory
d. The episodic buffer
b. the central executive
104
You are at a very noisy party, but instead of listening to the background noise, you are having a serious conversation with a friend. The fact that you are able to do this best illustrates.
a. encoding
b. memory storage
c. divided attention
d. selective attention
d. selective attention
105
semantic encoding
encoding memory traces in terms of the meaning of the information being stored
106
schema
an organizes, generalized knowledge structure in LTM
107
declarative memory
a type of LTM memory encompassing memories that are easily verbalized, including episodic and semantic memories
108
semantic memories
long-term, declarative memory for conceptual information
109
episodic memory
memory for the recent events in our lives
110
autobiographical memory
memory for our past that gives us a sense of personal hx
111
procedural memory
long-term memory for skills and behavior
112
retrograde amnesia
an inability to recall previously stored declarative memories from LTM
113
anterograde amnesia
an inability to store new declarative memories in LTM
114
Remembering the definition of elaborative rehearsal is an example of a(n) memory.
a. semantic
b. episodic
c. procedural
d. sensory
a. sematic
115
You know how to behave when you go to a fast-food restaurant because you have a(n) stored in long-term memory for this event. a. episode
b. icon
c. schema
d. proposition
c. schema
116
Which of the following is the best example of semantic encoding in long-term memory?
a. Remembering how to play the tune to your favorite song on a guitar
b. Remembering the name of the artist who sings your favorite song c. Remembering having pancakes for breakfast this morning
d. Remembering your first day of high school
d. remembering your first day of high school
117
recall
a type of retrieval process in which the probe or cue does not contain much information
118
recognition
a type of retrieval process in which the probe or cue contains a great deal of information, including the item being sought
119
decay theory
a theory of forgetting that proposes that memory traces are not routinely activated in LTM with degrade
120
tip of the tongue phenomenon
knowing that you know a piece of information, even though you cannot recall it at the moment
121
proactive interference
a type of forgetting that occurs when older memory traces inhibit the retrieval of newer memory traces
122
cue-dependent forgetting
a type of forgetting that occurs when one cannot recall information in a context other than the context in which it was encoded
123
repression
a type of forgetting proposed by Sigmund Freud in which memories for events, desires, or impulses that we find threatening are pushed into an inaccessible part of the mind called unconscious
124
You meet an old friend on the street and search your memory for their name. This is an example of which type of retrieval task?
a. Recall
b. Recognition
c. Implicit retrieval d. Encoding specificity
a. recall
125
Decay theory states that forgetting is due to a lack of, whereas interference theory states that forgetting is due to a lack of.
a. availability; accessibility
b. accessibility; availability
c. encoding; accessibility
d. encoding; availability
a. availability; accessibility
126
Mary was married 6 months ago. Much to her dismay, her friends continue to call her by her maiden name even though she has legally taken her partner’s name. Mary’s friends are experiencing which memory phenomenon?
a. Encoding specificity
b. Repression
c. Proactive interference
d. Retroactive interference
c. proactive interference
127
Jack doesn’t want to remember the blind date he went on last week because it didn’t go well. Every time he starts to think of the date, Jack pushes the memory from his mind, and he focuses his attention on something else. Which type of forgetting best describes what Jack is experiencing?
a. Proactive interference
b. Retroactive interference
c. Repression
d. Motivated forgetting
d. motivated forgetting
128
flashbulb memory
an unusually detailed and seemingly accurate memory for an emotionally charged event
129
reconstructive memory
memory that is based on the retrieval of memory traces that contain the actual details of events we have experienced
130
constructive memory
memory that utilizes knowledge and expectations to fill in the missing details in retrieved memory traces
131
misinformation effect
the distortion of memory that occurs when people are exposed to misinformation
132
In recalling his date from last Saturday night, Juan assumes that his date was wearing shoes, even though he did not encode the details of what the shoes looked like. Juan’s memory is an example of.
a. constructive memory
b. reconstructive memory
c. procedural memory
d. encoding specificity
a. constructive memory
133
Which of the following events is most likely to produce a flashbulb memory?
a. Taking a difficult math test
b. Being in a serious car accident
c. Having a heated discussion with your best friend
d. Going to a very scary movie on a date
d. going to a very scary movie on a date
134
memory consolidation
the stabilization and long term storage of memory traces in the brain
135
Which of the following tasks would be most difficult for an adult with anterograde amnesia? a. Learning to jump rope
b. Learning to play a new video game
c. Recalling their fifth birthday
b. learning to play a new video game
136
Sarah is learning a list of new words. If you took a PET scan of Sarah’s brain during completion of this task, where would you expect to see the greatest brain activity? a. The cerebellum
b. The hypothalamus
c. The hippocampus
d. The right frontal lobe
c. the hippocampus
137
After his death, a postmortem examination was performed on H.M.’s brain to examine which specific structures had been damaged by the earlier surgery that doctors performed to curb his epilepsy. This postmortem examination is best characterized as what type of research?
a. An experiment
b. A correlational study
c. A case study
d. A quasi-experiment
c. a case study
138
José was in a car accident and he damaged his cerebellum. Which of the following tasks would be most difficult for José after his accident? a. Learning to play the piano
b. Learning psychology
c. Recalling his childhood
d. Remembering what he had for breakfast
a. learning to play the paino
