Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

My MCAT Gen Chem > EXAM 4 notes > Flashcards

EXAM 4 notes Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the energy of capacitor? What is the charge of capacitor connected to battery?

A

Energy: E= 1/2 CV^2
Charge: q= C V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Doppler effect?

A

Doppler effect: the frequency that the person on the railcar hears before passing the horn is larger than the actual frequency of the sound emitted, while the person hears a frequency lower than the actual frequency after passing the horn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the formula for Work and formula for Power?

A

Work= Fxd (force x displacement)
Power= F x V (force x velocity)
measured in Watts or Kwatt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the relationship between thermodynamic stability and heat of combustion

A

Thermodynamic stability of isomers can be based on amount of heat produced when compounds are combusted. The LESS heat, the greater stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is formula for Ideal Gas law? What is the Avogadro’s number?

A

Ideal Gas Law= PV=nRT

AVOGADROS- 6x 10^23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What formula determines whether a substance is basic or not. How is it determined?

A

kw= ka x kb
if kb > ka: substance is basic
if ka > kb: substance is acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define limiting reagent

A

Limiting reagent: The molecule that runs out first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the activation energy for a reaction?

A

The activation energy for a reaction: The minimum energy barrier that must be overcome by REACTANTS on the path to products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What kind of chemical reaction is chelate formation?

A

Chelate formation- bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the period of a time-varying signal?

A

The period of a time-varying signal is the SHORTEST REPETITION TIME.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is formula for energy of a photon?

A

E= hf ; h= 6.63 x 10^-34 J.s

also formula can be written as E= hc/wavelength c= speed of light (3x10^8) m/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does it mean when electric field is considered uniform between electrodes?

A

Electric field is uniform- electric field line are equally spaced at both electrodes and between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What must be done to Lower the pH of a buffer (make more acidic)

A

In order to lower the pH of a buffer, the proportion of acidic buffer must be increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the byproduct of reaction of peptide bond formation?

A

WATER (H2O) is a byproduct of peptide bond formation. The OH from Carboxyl and H from NH of amino will form water when bond is formed. The total mass of h2o is 18 amu.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the following factors that Michaelis mention use to find km and vmax values?

A

Michaelis Menten factors:
depend on initial velocity (for standard state conditions), solution pH (constant), concentration of enzyme (if lower than substrate) used to determine km and Max values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the property of side chain of lysine at pH 7

A

At pH 7 Lysine is positively charged and protonated; is therefore a hydrophilic and basic molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the formula used to determine the concentration of OH- or H3O+ based on pH?

A

Formula: [H3O+] x [ OH-] = 10^-14 for aqueous solutions at 25 degrees Celsius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What element is a Lewis base for some side chains of Amino acids. What do Lewis bases coordinate?

A

Oxygen is a Lewis base for some side chains of amino acids
Lewis bases coordinate Cations
oxygen has partial negative charge on residue of Serine or Aspartate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What kind of structure is a heme?

A

Heme- porphyrin structure- looks like pyrrole ring, 5-sided heterocyclic ring, containing one Nitrogen atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is resistivity of a compound. How does it relate to conductivity?

A 
Resistivity= inverse of conductivity. 
R= 1/C
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What enzymes are needed to form a methyl on compound and then add an Oh group (hydroxyl) to same methylated compound?

A

First you need a Transferase to Transfer methyl group to compound
then you need oxidoreductase to add hydroxyl group to it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define unfolding cooperativity and Pk of compound (oligonucleotide)

A

Unfolding cooperativity: the slope of the unfolding transition
Pk of compound: The pH at which the fraction of folding DNA is 0.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What must occur for cation-exchange column to occur? What must occur?

A

Cation-exchange column only binds to positively charged proteins which only occurs when pH is less than PI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what factor of sound is not affected through the medium it propagates?

A

The frequency of a wave is NOT affected through the medium it propagates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the formula for Volume fluid rate?
Volume fluid rate= vA | v= velocity flow; A= cross-sectional vector area
26
What is the formula used to calculate wavelength for sound waves?
Sound wave formula v= f x wavelength v: velocity f: frequency
27
What if the formula for continuity equation in fluids?
Continuity: A1 x v1= A2 x v2 | flow in = flow out
28
What must delta g be for spontaneous reactions. What is the equation for free energy? what would k need to be for spontaneous reaction?
Delta g need to be less than 1 to be spontaneous equation for free energy; deltaG= -RTln (keq) K would need to be greater than 1
29
what is the formula for work and power?
``` Work= Force x distance Power= force x velocity ```
30
BIO: what are the different features of slow and fast twitch fibers?
Slow-twitch fibers: increased capillary density, more mitochondria, higher levels of O2 binding proteins; good for aerobic exercise Fast-twitch fibers- greater Ca+ pumping capacity, faster rates of contraction
31
BIO: What are features of autosomal dominant?
Autosomal Dominant: altered gene passed from parent to child. a child who has parent with mutated gene has 50% chance of inheriting that gene men and women can both pass on to their sons and daughter.
32
BIO: what is convergent evolution?
Convergent evolution: the process where distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar needs
33
BIO: How is the operon that contains two genes in prokaryotic cells transcribed?
An operon that contains two genes in prokaryotic cells is transcribed from single promoter upstream from first gene in operon
34
What are the factors that lead to an increase in intracellular calcium levels?
Factors that lead to an increase in intracellular calcium levels: -decrease of Calcium transport to extracellular environment -increase availability of intracellular Calcium to bind to troponin -increase overall Ca+ stores in the sarcoplasm -
35
what is the mechanism of Na+ K+ ATPase?
Na+ K+ ATPase: transports 3 Na+ outside the cell and 2K+ inside the cell per molecule of ATP hydrolyzed
36
Which amino acids are basic?
basic amino acids (positively charged) are histidine, lysine and arginine
37
BIO: what occurs in histone acetylation and how does this affect transcription?
Histone acetylation- process of modifying chromatin and hence promotes transcription.
38
Classify amino acids based on basic, acidic and non polar, polar
Polar:(not charged) serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine tyrosine, cysteine, Nonpolar- leucine, valine, alanine, proline, isoleucine, tryptophan, methionine, glycine, phenylalanine Basic: (positive charge) arginine, lysine, histidine acidic (negative charge): glutamic acid, aspartic acid
39
BIO; what is the function of medulla, what hormones are present and which part of peripheral nervous system is it part of?
Adrenal medulla: secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to short-term stress short-term stress is mediated by SYMPATHETIC branch of autonomic nervous system.
40
BIO: what is the function of allosteric inhibition?
Allosteric Inhibition: binding of an inhibitor to site other than substrate binding site
41
What forms of energy is produced in krebs cycle and what are these products used for?
Krebs cycle: energy is produced in form of ATP that supplies energy for many cellular processes (like muscle contraction) and NADH which is used in Electron transport chain.
42
What is the relationship between osmotic pressure and solute concentration?
Osmotic pressure and solute concentration are DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL. if one variable increases, the other will increase
43
What must happen for glycolysis to continue to proceed? Where does this occur?
For glycolysis to proceed, NADH must be converted back to NAD+ which occurs through lactic acid fermentation (anaerobic)
44
what is function of phosphoglucose isomerase and what process is it apart of?
phosphoglucose isomerase is a part of glycolysis. | this enzymes catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6 phosphate into fructose phosphate
45
What is a palindromic sequence
palindromic sequence is a nucleic acid sequence in a double-stranded DNA or RNA molecule whereby reading in a certain direction on one strand is identical to the sequence in the same direction on the complementary strand Restriction enzyme- protein produced by bacteria that cleaves DNA at specific sites along the molecule.
46
Which complex of electron transport chain is succinate dehydrogenase apart of?
Succinate DH part of Complex II of ETC
47
What is genetic imprinting?
imprinting is the process by which only one copy of a gene in an individual (either from their mother or their father) is expressed, while the other copy is suppressed.
48
How do RNA viruses replicate themselves?
RNA viruses require a TRANSCRIPTASE (reverese transcriptase) to replicate themselves
49
What is function of glomerulus in capillaries?
Glomerulus: prevents the entry of large particles into filtrate.
50
What is the optimal temperature for enzymes?
The optimal temperature for enzymes is 37 degrees celsius (increase rate of reaction)
51
What occurs during villi atrophy?
Villi Atrophy- results in a decrease in the surface area of the small intestine, leading to a decrease in nutrient absorption.
52
What happens to osmotic pressure when there is an increase in large particles like albumin? How does this affect fluid inside tissues?
When there is an increase in large plasma proteins like albumin, the osmotic pressure of blood will increase, causing increasing return of fluid to circulatory system from body tissue
53
How does an excess of unabsorbed fats have on intestines?
Excess of unabsorbed fats will inhibit normal water and electrolyte absorption, resulting in increased osmotic pressure and diarrhea.
54
what is the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts? How does it affect relate of calcium ions.
Osteoblasts- build and repair bone osteoclasts- break down bone To increase calcium levels in blood, osteoblast activity should be DECREASED and osteoclast should be INCREASED to released stored calcium from bone to the bloodstream,
55
Which kind of inhibitor reversibly binds to enzyme's active site?
COMPETITIVE inhibitor REVERSIBLY binds to enzyme's active site
56
What is the pathway of filtrate through nephron?
Filtrate passes through nephron: | bowman's capsule to proximal tubule to loop of Henle to distal tubule into collecting duct
57
PSYCH: Describe Piaget's period of cognitive development
1. Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years); learn object permanence 2. Preoperational stage (2-6 years); symbolic, egocentric thinking, imagination, growing 3. concrete operational stage(7-11 years); logical thinking and interpretation; conservation, numbers and ideas 4. formal operational stage (12 years to adult); thinks abstractly, ethics, politics, social moral issues explained
58
Describe episodic memory system
Episodic memory system stores personally experience episodes with tags for context and time
59
what is reconstructive memory? How does this compare to constructive memory?
reconstructive memory to refer to memories that add or omit details that were not part of an original event. constructive memory: nvolving the use of general knowledge stored in one's memory to construct a more complete and detailed account of an event or experience by changing or filling in various features of the memory.
60
What are false memories?
False memories- psychological phenomenon whereby an individual recalls an event that never happened, or an actual occurrence substantially differently from the way it transpired.
61
what is generalizability?
Generalizability: external validity, which is the extent to which the results of a scientific investigation would generalize to other settings and populations
62
PSYCH: describe the function of cones
Cones- sensory receptors responsible for initial detection of color information
63
What are symptoms of panic disorder?
Panic disorder symptom: shortness of breath, sweating , feeling dizzy, pounding heart, chest pain
64
What is REM Rebound?
increased frequency, depth, and intensity of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep following sleep deprivation or significant stressors.
65
What is self-fulfilling process
Self-fulfilling prophecy | pocess through which an originally false expectation leads to its own confirmation. In a sel

My MCAT Gen Chem (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions