Exam 4 - Parasitology Flashcards by Cal Schiller

Definition of Eukaryotes?

(a) Nuclear membrane separates nucleus from cytoplasm
(b) DNA composed of paired, linear chromosomes
(c) Reproduction by binary fission and mitosis
(d) Energy produced in mitochondria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(a) Nuclear membrane separates nucleus from cytoplasm
(b) DNA composed of paired, linear chromosomes
(c) Reproduction by binary fission and mitosis
(d) Energy produced in mitochondria

Definition of Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Parasites of humans are classified in six major divisions.

Protozoa; the Nematoda, or roundworms; the Platyhelminthes or flatworms, that contains Cestoda (tapeworms) and Trematoda (flukes); the Pentastomids, or tongue worms; the Acanthocephala, or thorny-headed worms; and the Arthropoda .

NAAPPP

N-ematoda
A-canthocephala
A-rthropoda
P-rotozoa
P-latyhelminthes
P-entastomids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

unicellular eukaryotic organisms, having true nuclei and membrane bound organelles. Includes amebas, flagellates, and sporozoans.

Kingdom Protista

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Father of parasitology

Francesco Redi in 1684

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Within subkingdom Eukaryota; contains most pathogenic protozoa

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

(a) Class Zoomastigophora: The flagellates  (b) Class Lobosea: The amoebas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Within subkingdom Eukaryota; contains malaria and coccidians

Phylum Apicomplexa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Within subkingdom Eukaryota; contains the microsporidia

Phylum Microspora

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Within subkingdom Eukaryota; contains the ciliates

Phylum Ciliophora

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Kingdom Animalia:

Multicellular higher animals

I. Phylum Platyhelminthes: Flatworm

(a) Class Trematoda: The flukes
(b) Class Cestoda: The tapeworms

II. Phylum Aschelminthes: Roundworms/Nematodes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Two organisms of different species living together = ?

2 Examples?

Symbiosis

a. commensalism
b. mutualism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism is benefited and the other is neither benefited nor harmed

Commensalism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms are benefited

Mutualism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, is metabolically dependent on the other organism (host) and gains all the benefit. The host is adversely affected.

5 examples?

Parasitism

(1) Facultative parasite: Normally free living organism, but may become an opportunistic parasite
(2) Obligate parasite: Cannot survive in a free living state.
(3) Incidental parasite: Establishes itself in a host in which it does not normally live.
(4) Endoparasite: A parasite living inside the host
(5) Ectoparasite: A parasite living on the external surface of the host

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Normally free living organism, but may become an opportunistic parasite

Facultative parasite

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cannot survive in a free living state.

Obligate parasite

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Establishes itself in a host in which it does not normally live.

Incidental parasite

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A parasite living inside the host

Endoparasite

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A parasite living on the external surface of the host

Ectoparasite:

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Any living organism, animal or plant that harbors or nourishes another organism

4 types listed?

Host:

(a) Definitive host: The host that harbors the adult or sexually reproducing stages of a parasite
(b) Intermediate host: That host which harbors the immature, larval, or asexually reproducing forms of a parasite
(c) Reservoir host: A host which replaces man in the life cycle of the parasite
(d) Paratenic host: A host that serves as a transport host in which the parasitic forms undergo no development, but passes on to the final host

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The host that harbors the adult or sexually reproducing stages of a parasite

Definitive host

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

That host which harbors the immature, larval, or asexually reproducing forms of a parasite

Intermediate host

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A host which replaces man in the life cycle of the parasite

Reservoir host

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A host that serves as a transport host in which the parasitic forms undergo no development, but passes on to the final host

Paratenic host

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the process of a parasite’s growth, development and reproduction, which proceeds in one or more different host depending on the species of parasites.

Life Cycle

a stage when a parasite can invade a human body and live in it.

Infective stage

the entrance which the parasite invades the human body.

Infective route

how the parasite invades the human body.

Infective mode

A carrier, usually an arthropod, which transmits an infective form of the parasite from host to another

Vector

A reinfection in which the host is its own source of infection from a source already present in the body

Autoinfection

Routes of Infection

Ingestion Active Penetration Injection Congenital

Ingestion: Oral (nasopharyngeal) in food, water or aerosols, etc.

(a) Remains in gastrointestinal tract (b) Internal migration to other host organs or systems (c) Migration through other host systems and return to gastrointestinal sites

Active penetration: Through host tissues, skin or mucous membranes

(a) Remains on or within the epidermis or subcutaneous tissues (b) Penetrates to other host organs or tissues

Through host tissues by vector or agent

Injection

two examples of injection?

(a) Arthropod-borne: By mouth parts, salivary glands, or waste products (b) Transfusion: Present in donor blood at time of transfusion

Transmission of parasites across the placental barrier from mother to fetus

congenital

Make note of all: Life cycles Autoinfection

NOTED!

By mouth parts, salivary glands, or waste products

Arthropod-borne Injection

Forms of Parasites Studied:

1. Adult 2. Larva 3. Egg/Ova 4. Trophozoite 5. Cysts

Specimen Recovery General Considerations 1. Proper collection and handling of specimens: Essential to ensure parasites will be recovered 2. Old, inadequate or poorly preserved specimens: Of limited value and may lead to inaccurate results 3. Ingestion of medicinal substances prior to collection may interfere with examination of specimen (a) Antacids (b) Antidiarrheal compounds (c) Mineral oil (d) Antibiotics 4. Administration of barium sulfate to patients undergoing radiological exams will make stool specimens difficult to examine for 1-2 weeks (a) Crystals interfere with detection of organisms 5. All specimens should be properly labeled (a) According to local SOP (b) It may be useful to note any special information, clinical symptoms, prior infections, antibiotic therapy or travel history

Cool beans nerd

Specimen Recovery

``` Stool for O and P (Ova and Parasites) Occult blood Pinworm prep- Scotch tape prep Enterotest-string test NAT (Nucleic acid testing) ```

Collection of Fecal Specimens 1. Collected in clean, wide mouthed containers (a) Disposable cardboard containers with wax coating and tight-fitting lid: Container of choice i. Prevents leakage ii. Prevents loss of moisture (b) Plastic containers with Snap-On or screw-on lids: Do not retain moisture as well as cardboard (c) Glass containers: More expensive and breakable (d) Collection of feces directly into the container: The preferred collection method; avoid contamination by water, urine or other material i. Water will destroy trophozoites ii. Water may contain free-living organisms that can complicate diagnosis iii. Urine may have an adverse effect on the motility of trophozoites 2. Several stool examinations are necessary before parasitic infection can be ruled out (a) Though most helminth eggs are passed continuously, many protozoa are passed intermittently (b) Protozoan detection: Best accomplished by examination of at least three specimens collected at intervals with in 6-10 days (c) Report of "no parasites seen" based on the examination of a single specimen should be accepted with caution

too much for one slide ya yahoo

Collection of Fecal Specimens (a) Though most helminth eggs are passed continuously, many protozoa are passed intermittently (b) Protozoan detection: Best accomplished by examination of at least three specimens collected at intervals with in 6-10 days (c) Report of "no parasites seen" based on the examination of a single specimen should be accepted with caution

3 specimens over 6-10 days for protozoan detection

3. Time factor in examination of specimens (a) Age of a stool specimen: One of the most important factors affecting the diagnosis of infections (b) Liquid and diarrheic specimens: Should be examined within 30 minutes from time of passage (type of specimen where trophozoites may be found) (c) Soft specimens: Examined within one hour of passage (d) Formed specimens: Can be delayed for several hours or longer, but should be examined on the same day of submission

Sorry it's boring and long, but you gotta know dis

most common fecal preservatives

10 % Formalin No stain, yes EIA ``` Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) No EIA, yes stain ``` Fecal specimens may be stored at 4⁰C, but not frozen

Pinworm prep-scotch tape prep best for?

Pinworm eggs (Enterobius vermicularis) are deposited around the perianal region

Pinworm prep-scotch tape prep best for?

Pinworm eggs (Enterobius vermicularis) are deposited around the perianal region

Used to detect parasites, protozoa and helminths, in the upper part of the small intestine Do not eat 12 hours prior to testing The end of the string is taped to your cheek or neck A capsule containing the remainder of the string is swallowed The capsule will dissolve and move into your stomach were the string will unravel Usually the patient relaxes for about four hours The string gathers materials from the stomach and upper intestines After the allotted time, the string will be pulled back up through the throat, placed in a container and sent to the lab Remove mucous from string and examine by wet mount technique

Enterotest-String Test

Nucleic Acid Testing for?

Enteric Parasite panels For Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba High sensitivity and specificity BD Max 3 and Luminex 200

If a stool is liquid and thus is more likely to contain trophozoites, it should reach the laboratory for examination by?

Should be examined within 30 minutes from time of passage (type of specimen where trophozoites may be found)

Blood- For which species?

Plasmodium sp. (Thick and thin smears)

Monitoring of incidence, prevalence, distribution and severity of disease

Surveillance:

Interruption of parasitic life cycle

(a) Proper disposal of human and animal waste (b) Purification of drinking water (c) Processing and treatment of food supply (d) Improvement of housing quality (e) Elimination of intermediate host(s) or vectors

Control of Parasitic Infections Protection ex's

(a) Prophylaxis when entering into highly endemic areas | (b) Immunization against parasite infective forms

Best method of controlling parasitic life cycle?

Proper disposal of human and animal waste

Control of Parasitic Infections Therapeutic measures (a) Protection from infected persons: Isolation (b) Curative therapy: Antiparasitic drugs Antimalarial? Antihelminthic? Antiprotozoal?

i. Antimalarial: Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen) ii. Antihelminthic: Praziquantel (Biltricide) iii. Antiprotozoal: Metronidazole (Flagyl)

which natural innate immune system factor fights parasites?

eosinophils!

Administration of ____ to patients undergoing radiological exams will make stool specimens difficult to examine for 1-2 weeks (a) Crystals interfere with detection of organisms

barium sulfate

(a) Crystals interfere with detection of organisms (stool specimens)

barium sulfate

Ingestion of medicinal substances prior to collection may interfere with examination of specimen (4)?

(a) Antacids (b) Antidiarrheal compounds (c) Mineral oil (d) Antibiotics

Protozoan detection: Best accomplished by examination of at least...?

three specimens collected at intervals with in 6-10 days

Collection of feces directly into the container: The preferred collection method; avoid contamination by water, urine or other material... why?

i. Water will destroy trophozoites ii. Water may contain free-living organisms that can complicate diagnosis iii. Urine may have an adverse effect on the motility of trophozoites

Collection of Fecal Specimens Ideal container?

1. Collected in clean, wide mouthed containers (a) Disposable cardboard containers with wax coating and tight-fitting lid: Container of choice i. Prevents leakage ii. Prevents loss of moisture

Time factor in examination of specimens One of the most important factors affecting the diagnosis of infections

(a) Age of a stool specimen

Time factor in examination of specimens (b) Liquid and diarrheic specimens: Should be examined within...

30 minutes from time of passage (type of specimen where trophozoites may be found)

Time factor in examination of specimens (c) Soft specimens: Examined within...?

one hour of passage

Time factor in examination of specimens (d) Formed specimens: Can be delayed for several ___, but... ?

hours or longer, but should be examined on the same day of submission

Fecal specimens may be stored at 4⁰C, but not frozen T or F?

TRUE.... Fecal specimens may be stored at 4⁰C, but not frozen

Fecal preservatives?

10 % Formalin – No stain, yes EIA (Most common) • Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) – No EIA, yes stain (most common) • Merthiolate-Iodine-Formalin (MIF) – Stains and EIA vary • Sodium Acetate Formalin (SAF) – Stains and EIA vary

* Used to detect parasites, protozoa and helminths, in the upper part if the small intestine * Do not eat 12 hours prior to testing * The end of the string is taped to your cheek or neck * A capsule containing the remainder of the string is swallowed • The capsule will dissolve and move into your stomach were the string will unravel

Enterotest-String Test

Exam 4 - Parasitology Flashcards

(71 cards)