Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Genetics > Exam 4 Quantitative Genetics > Flashcards

Exam 4 Quantitative Genetics Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Qualitative trait

A

Only a few distinct phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Quantitative trait

A

continuously variable over some measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Polygenic

A

many genes involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Environment

A

different genotypes perform differently based on their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Quantitative traits are variable due to

A

polygenic and environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Oligogenic

A

multiple genes but not as many as Poly, more than 1 but less than 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Model

A

some belief in how something behaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Threshold

A

must be reached before the trait is expressed. Example-diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The difference between the inheritance of genes influencing quantitative characteristics and the inheritance of genes influencing discontinuous characteristics is in

A

the number of loci that determine the characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

(1/4) to the nth power where n=

A

number of biallelic loci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mean

A

provides information about the center of distribution
average

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Variance

A

indicates the variability of a group of measurements, or how spread out the distribution is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Standard Deviation

A

square root of variance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Covariance

A

how two measurements vary together ranges from negative infinity to infinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Correlation

A

the strength of association between two measurements. Ranges from -1 to 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Correlation (does/doesn’t) equal causation

A

DOESN”T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Regression

A

linear relationship between two variables. allows predictions to be made
y=mx+b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Heritability

A

the proportion of the total phenotypic variation that is due to genetic differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Va

A

additive
additive effects of genes on the phenotype, which can be summed to determine the overall affect on the phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vd

A

Dominance
alleles at a locus are not additive, the affect of an allele depends on the identity of the other allele at the locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Vi

A

interaction
Epistatic effects (masking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ve

A

environment
differences resulting from environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Vge

A

Gene by environment
effect of gene depends on environment it is found in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How to calculate Vp

A

Va+Vd+Vi+Ve+Vge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How to calculate Vg
Va+Vd+Vi
26
Are plants or animals affected more by the environment
plants
27
Broad sense heritability
H2 represents the proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to genetic variance H2= Vg over Vp
28
Narrow sense heritability
h2 represents the proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to additive genetic variance. "resemblance between parents and offspring" h2=Va over Vp
29
Calculating heritability
1. eliminating one or more variance components 2. comparing the resemblance of parents and offspring 3. comparing the phenotypic variances of individuals with different degrees of relatedness 4. measuring the response to selection
30
Response to selection
the extent to which a characteristic subjected to selection changes in one generation
31
Selection differential
the difference between the mean phenotype of the selected parents and the mean phenotype of the original population
32
Mendelian population
is a group of interbreeding, sexually reproducing individuals that have a common set of genes- the gene pool
33
Genotype frequency
number of individuals with that genotype over total number of individuals
34
Allele Frequency
Number of copies of the allele over number of copies of all alleles at the locus
35
p+q=
1
36
P is assigned to the
higher frequency trait
37
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
Assumptions 1. diploid 2. sexual reproduction (independent assortment) 3. non-overlapping generations 4. bi-allelic (easily extended to multiple alleles) 5. Equal allele frequencies in male and females 6. Random mating 7. no mutation 8. no migration 9. no natural selection 10. large population (no drift)
38
Predictions of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
1. allele frequencies do not change 2. Genotype frequencies reach equilibrium after one generation with proportions p2 (AA) + 2pq (Aa) + q2 (aa)
39
Hardy Weinberg is per
locus
40
Implications of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
1.population cannot evolve if it meets the assumptions 2.Genotypic frequencies are determined by the allelic frequencies 3. A single generation of random mating produces the equilibrium frequencies
41
Chi squared formula
(observed - expected)squared over expected
42
Positive assortative mating
tendency for like individuals to mate
43
Negative assortative mating
tendency for unlike individuals to mate
44
Outcrossing
preferential mating between unrelated individuals
45
inbreeding
preferential mating between unrelated individuals leads to increased homozygosity does not change allele frequency
46
Inbreeding coefficient
F a measure of the probability that two alleles are identical by descent ranges from 0 to 1
47
inbreeding coefficient of 1 means
all alleles are identical by descent
48
inbreeding coefficient of 0 means
mating is occurring randomly in a large population
49
Mutation
ultimate source of variation
50
Migration causes
the gene pools of two populations to become more similar adds genetic variance to populations
51
Genetic Drift is
sampling difference that arises when gametes unite to produce progeny
52
the amount of genetic drift can be estimated from the
variance in allelic frequency
53
Genetic drift equation
pq over 2 N N=number of individuals in a population
54
Causes of genetic drift
all genetic drift arises from sampling reduced population size founder effect bottleneck
55
founder effect
establishment of a population by a small number of individuals
56
bottleneck
when a population undergoes a drastic reduction in size
57
Effects of genetic drift
produces change in allelic frequencies within a population reduce genetic variation within populations different populations diverge genetically from one another over time
58
Natural selection
takes place when individuals with adaptive traits produce a greater number of offspring than do individuals not carrying such traits
59
Effect of natural selection depends on
fitness values of the genotypes in the population
60
Fitness (W)
defined as thee relative reproductive success of a genotype ranges from 0 and 1
61
Selection coefficient
the relative intensity of selection against a genotype

Genetics (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions