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GM PNS > Exam 4 Special Sense Organs > Flashcards

Exam 4 Special Sense Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the eye derived from

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain forms what?

A

Retina and pigmented structures

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3
Q

Surface ectoderm of the eye forms what

A

Lens and cornea

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4
Q

What forms from neural crest mesenchyme

A

Fibrous coats (sclera)

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5
Q

What are the 3 coats/tunics of the eye

A

Fibrous (outermost), vascular, and nervous tunic(retina)

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6
Q

If pressure inside the eye increases what happens to the sclera

A

It will not bulge, it maintains shape

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7
Q

What structures pass through the tiny openings in the sclera

A

Neurons and blood vessels

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8
Q

What attach directly to the sclera

A

Extraocular muscles

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9
Q

What is significant about the anterior portion of the sclera

A

It transitions to the cornea at the limbus and is lined with conjuctiva

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10
Q

What is the transition between the sclera and the cornea

A

At the limbus

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11
Q

What is significant about the posterior portion of the sclera

A

It is continuous with the fibrous sheath that covers CN II, contains subarachnoid space filled with CSF

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12
Q

What part of the fibrous tunic is the cornea

A

The anterior portion

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13
Q

What is the important function of they cornea

A

It is the primary refractory part of the eyeball

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14
Q

Which part of the cornea is convex

A

To the anterior

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15
Q

What are the 5 layers of the cornea from anterior to posterior

A

Corneal epithelium, anterior limiting lamina, substantia propria, posterior limiting lamina, endothelium

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16
Q

What is the corneal epithelium continuous with

A

The conjunctiva

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17
Q

What is the largest part (layer) of the cornea

A

Substantia propria

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18
Q

The endothelium of the cornea is the most internal layer and has what purpose

A

Covers inside surface of the cornea and lines the iridocorneal layer

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19
Q

What 3 structures are a part of the vascular tunic

A

Choroid, ciliary body, and iris

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20
Q

The blood vessels of the choroid are heavily supplied by what

A

Autonomic, vasomotor fibers that may have a cooling effect

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21
Q

How is the choroid attached to the sclera

A

Loosely except where the optic nerve penetrates, here it is firmly attached to the sclera

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22
Q

What is the pigment of the choroid

A

Darkly pigmented to limit passage of light from sclera to retina and vice versa

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23
Q

Where is the ciliary body located in relation to the choroid and iris

A

Continuous with the choroid to the posterior and the iris to the anterior

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the ciliary body

A

It suspends the lens and produces the aqueous fluid found in the anterior segment of the eye, some GAGS of the vitrous body

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25
Q

What does the ciliary body contain

A

The ciliary muscle - contraction of the muscle allows the lens to become more convex allowing near vision

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26
Q

What does the iris divide

A

The anterior segment into anterior and posterior chambers

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27
Q

What is the iris composed of muscle-wise

A

Consists of two muscles that control the size of the pupil

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28
Q

Sphincter pupillae contains what

A

Fibers arranged circumferentially that constrict the pupil

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29
Q

What is the spincter pupillae innervated by

A

Parasympathetic fibers (CN 3)

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30
Q

What does the dilator pupillae will cause what

A

Causes the pupil to become larger when it contracts

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31
Q

What is the dilator pupillae innervated by

A

Sympathetic fibers - radially oriented

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32
Q

What is the nervous tunic an outgrowth of

A

Outgrowth of diencephalon and can be considered to be a specialized portion of the brain

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33
Q

What is the nervous tunic in contact with

A

The choroid externally and the vitreous body internally

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34
Q

What are the ten layers of the retina

A

Pigmented layer (cementing layer), rods/cones, external limiting membrane, outer nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, ganglion cell layer, nerve fiber layer, internal limiting membrane

35
Q

What do rods and cones synapse with

A

Inner nuclear layer cells

36
Q

Bipolar cells relay information to

A

The ganglion layer cells

37
Q

Multipolar cells carry info to where

A

The lateral geniculate body

38
Q

What do axons from the lateral geniculate body form

A

The optic radiation

39
Q

The axons forming optic radiation synapse where

A

Brodmann area 17 of the occipital lobe

40
Q

What structures are visible upon funduscopic exam

A

Optic disc and macula lutea

41
Q

Where is the optic disc

A

Point at which the optic nerve attaches to the eyeball

42
Q

Does the optic disc contain photoreceptors

A

Nope

43
Q

What enters the eye at the optic disc

A

Major blood vessels

44
Q

Where is the macula lutea

A

The darker area in the center of the fundus

45
Q

What is in the middle of the maculae lutea

A

The fovea centralis

46
Q

Where is the area of the clearest vision

A

The macula lutea

47
Q

What type of photoreceptor is found in the macula lutea

A

Cones

48
Q

What is aqueous humor

A

Clear fluid found on the posterior aspect of the ciliary body

49
Q

What secretes the aqueous humor

A

The ciliary processes

50
Q

Where is the aqueous humor secreted into

A

The posterior chamber; part of the anterior segment located posterior to the iris

51
Q

Where does the aqueous humor leave the eyeall

A

Through the scleral venous sinus

52
Q

What causes glaucoma

A

Increased pressure within the anterior segment of the eyeball - can result in blindness

53
Q

How does the lens allow for near vision

A

Increasing the convexity

54
Q

Is the lens vascular?

A

No

55
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior segments

A

The lens

56
Q

What is presbyopia

A

Lens gents harder with age resulting in more difficult near vision

57
Q

What are cataracts

A

Lens becomes less and less transparent

58
Q

What fills the posterior segment

A

Vitreous body

59
Q

What are characteristics of the vitreous body

A

Gelatinous and transparent

60
Q

What is the hyaloid canal

A

A vestigial structure connecting the optic nerve and posterior aspect of the lens.

61
Q

What did the hyaloid canal contain

A

Contained the fetal hyaloid artery and serves no functional purpose in the adult

62
Q

Where are lacrimal glands located

A

Superolaterally to the eyeball

63
Q

What do lacrimal glands do

A

Secrete tears that are carried to the surface of the eye by excretory ducts

64
Q

Where are lacrimal ducts found

A

In each eyelid below and medial to the eyeball

65
Q

What do lacrimal ducts do

A

Drain tears into the lacrimal sac

66
Q

Where is the lacrimal sac found

A

Found in a groove between the lacrimal bone and the maxilla, the most superior part of the nasolacrimal duct

67
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct do

A

Drain tears from the lacrimal sac into the inferior nasal meatus

68
Q

What are tarsal glands

A

Modified sebacceous glands in each eyelid

69
Q

What do tarsal glands do

A

Secrete oily substance that covers tears upon binking reducing evaporation

70
Q

All arteries to the eyeball are branches of the _____

A

Ophthalmic artery

71
Q

What artery runs between the sclera and choroid

A

The long posterior ciliary artery (medial and lateral)

72
Q

How many short ciliary arteries enter the eyeball

A

6-12

73
Q

Where do the short ciliary arteries enter the eyeball

A

On the posterior surface forming a ring around the optic nerve

74
Q

How are the anterior ciliar arteries spread

A

3-4 over and 3-4 under the eyeball (total = 6-8)

75
Q

How does the central retinal artery travel

A

Via the optic nerve to retina where it spreads out into an extensive network

76
Q

What is special about the central retinal artery

A

It is the only artery that supplies the retina

77
Q

How do viens travel

A

With their respective arteries

78
Q

What is the nerve supply to the eyeball

A

Branches of the nasociliary nerve of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

79
Q

What do long ciliary nerve supply

A

Sensory for the ciliary body, iris, and cornea

80
Q

What are the sensory nerves for the eyeball

A

Short ciliary nerves

81
Q

What do postganglionic sympathetic fibers extend from

A

The cavernous plexus passing through the ciliary ganglion

82
Q

What do postgang symp fibers go to

A

Reach the ciliaris and dilator pupillae muscles

83
Q

Where do postganglionic parasympathetic fibers extend from

A

The ciliary ganglion

84
Q

What do postgang parasymp supply

A

Ciliaris and sphincter pupillae muscles

GM PNS (12 decks)

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