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BIO 102 > Exam 4 Study > Flashcards

Exam 4 Study Flashcards

1
Q

Long-term elevated blood pressure is correlated with an increase in which of the following health problems?

A

Kidney disease
storke
heart disease

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2
Q

Two components of the cardiovascular system

A

Heart: pumps blood
Blood vessels: carries blood

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3
Q

T or F: In the human body, blood is always contained within the blood vessels or within the lymphatic vessels.

A

False: In humans, blood is contained within blood vessels. Lymph is contained within the lymphatic vessels, not blood.

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4
Q

Functions of blood

A
  • carries nutrients to tissues
  • removes waste products from tissues
  • brings oxygen to tissues
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5
Q

Three main functions of the cardiovascular system

A
  • protect body against infection
  • transport gases, nutrients, and wastes
  • regulate temperature, pH, and salt balance
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6
Q

body system primarily impacted by hypertension

A

cardiovascular system

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7
Q

Where is blood in the body?

A

within blood vessels

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8
Q

The lymphatic system works with the cardiovascular system by

A

collecting excess tissue fluid

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9
Q

Blood brings carbon dioxide to the lungs, where it also picks up…

A

oxygen, which is needed by cells of the body.

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10
Q

Three types of blood vessels

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
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11
Q

The functions of the cardiovascular system include generation of blood pressure by the heart, transportation of blood, regulation of blood flow and…

A

exchanges of nutrients, wastes, and gases at the capillaries

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12
Q

Location of heart

A

between the lungs, directly behind the sternum

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13
Q

the major portion of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle tissue

A

myocardium

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14
Q

The system that assists the cardiovascular system by collecting excess tissue fluid is the…

A

lymphatic system

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15
Q

Atrium vs ventricle

A

atrium: nearer to top, receive blood from veins
ventricle: nearer to bottom/apex, stronger at pumping

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16
Q

A type of cell junction that aids in simultaneous contractions of cardiac fibers

A

gap junction

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17
Q

Four chambers of the heart

A

left and right atria
left and right ventricle

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18
Q

The human heart is located between the lungs and is tilted with the apex angled to the individual’s

A

Left

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19
Q

The myocardium consists of what type of muscle tissue?

A

cardiac

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20
Q

Know locations of…

A

Superior vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Right coronary artery
Inferior vena cava

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21
Q

What tightly join cardiac muscle fibers to neighboring fibers?

A

intercalated discs

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22
Q

Septum of the heart

A
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23
Q

Location of heart valves

A
  • Aortic semilunar valve
    matches: between left ventricle and aorta
  • Bicuspid or mitral valve
    matches: between left atrium and ventricle
  • Pulmonary semilunar valve: between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
  • Tricuspid valve: between right atrium and ventricle
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24
Q

Cardiac veins

A

return blood from the coronary capillary beds, and empty into the right atrium

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25
Q

a heart attack is the result of…

A

disruption of the blood supply to the heart

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26
Q

Main blood vessels that carry blood immediately away from the right and left ventricles of the heart

A

aorta and pulmonary trunk

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27
Q

passage of blood

A
  • inferior/superior vena cava from systemic veins to right atrium
  • through tricuspid valve to right ventricle
  • through pulmonary semilunar valve to pulmonary trunk
  • to lungs
  • from pulmonary veins to left atrium
  • through bicuspid valve to left ventircle
  • through aortic semilunar valve into aorta
  • to vena cava
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28
Q

Bi vs tricuspid valve

A

bi: left
tri: right

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29
Q

The first arteries that branch off the aorta are called the…

A

cardiac arteries

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30
Q

Two main blood vessels that carry blood into the right atrium of the heart

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

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31
Q

Chamber of heart with the thickest wall

A

left ventricle because it must pump to the entire body

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32
Q

Cardiac system

A

The cardiac cycle includes systole and diastole.

Both atria contract at the same time.

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33
Q

The myocardium receives oxygen and nutrients from which blood vessels?

A

coronary arteries

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34
Q

Right side pumps ___, left side pumps___

A

right: lungs
left: body

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35
Q

Systole vs diastole

A

systole: contraction
diastole: relaxation

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36
Q

Heart rate of a healthy adult human at rest

A

60 to 80 bpm

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37
Q

sound of the heart beat occurs when…

A
  • first beat: increasing pressure of blood inside the ventricles forces the AV valves to close
  • second beat: ventricles relax, causing the semilunar valves to close
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38
Q

the function of the atrioventricular (AV) node

A

It conducts an electrical impulse into the ventricles

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39
Q

Pacemaker of the heart

A

SA (sinoatrial) node

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40
Q

Which cardiac structure conducts the heart beat from the atria to the ventricles?

A

AV node

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41
Q

The major actions of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine on the heart is to cause the heart to…

A

contract faster and stronger

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42
Q

Which of the following refers to uncontrolled irregular activity of the ventricles?

A

ventricular fibrillation

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43
Q

Blood vessels high pressure to low pressure

A

aorta, arteriole, capillary, venule, venae cavae

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44
Q

Cardiac circuits

A

pulmonary: through lungs
systemic: serves needs of body tissues

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45
Q

Blood leaving the heart to travel the pulmonary circuit leaves which chamber of the heart?

A

right ventricle

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46
Q

Blood in pulmonary arteries

A

away from heart, oxygen-poor

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47
Q

Venae cavae

A

The inferior vena cava collects blood from the lower body.

They are the largest veins in the systemic circuit.

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48
Q

The largest artery in the human systemic circuit is the

A

aorta

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49
Q

The liquid portion of the blood, which functions to transport substances in the blood, is called

A

plasma

50
Q

Regulatory functions of blood

A
  • Regulation of body temperature
  • Maintenance of osmotic pressure
  • Maintenance of acid-base balance
51
Q

Proteins formed by white blood cells that inactivate pathogens are called

A

antibodies

52
Q

Blood is which type of tissue?

A

fluid connective (contains cells and a noncellular matrix)

53
Q

the three types of formed elements found in human blood

A

RBCs, WBCs, platelets

54
Q

The force that prevents the loss of excessive plasma from the blood into the surrounding tissue is called

A

osmotic pressure

55
Q

plasma protein functions

A
  • Buffer blood pH
  • Maintain osmotic pressure
  • Form blood clots
56
Q

two main components of blood

A
  • plasma
  • formed elements
57
Q

RBCs other name

A

erythrocytes, no nucleus

58
Q

All of the categories of formed elements of human blood are produced by the

A

red bone marrow

59
Q

The component of the blood that is directly responsible for the transportation of oxygen is

A

HEMOGLOBIN

60
Q

Heme and globin

A

heme: iron containing
globin: protein with four polypeptides

61
Q

The most plentiful plasma protein(s) is/are

A

albumins

62
Q

descriptions of white blood cells

A

White blood cells are translucent unless stained, are larger than red blood cells.

63
Q

a single hemoglobin can transport how many oxygen molecules?

A

4

64
Q

In response to the presence of foreign antigens, certain white blood cells (B cells) produce specific antigen-binding proteins called

A

antibodies

65
Q

phagocytosis

A
66
Q

A cell or other substance that is foreign to the body is called a/an

A

antigen

67
Q

characteristics of platelets

A

function in blood clotting, they are more numerous in blood than white blood cells are

68
Q

Formation of a blood clot

A
  1. blood vessel is damaged
  2. platelet plug forms
  3. prothrombin is formed and converted to thrombin
  4. fibrinogen is formed and converted to fibrin
69
Q

Following a mismatched blood transfusion, the clumping of red blood cells that can occur is called…

A

agglutination

70
Q

The term for an insufficient number of platelets

A

thrombocytopenia

71
Q

an abnormal and spontaneous clot

A

thrombus

72
Q

Blood types

A

determined by presence/absence of antigens on the surface of the red blood cells

A: A antigens, anti-B antibodies, donates to A and AB
B: B antigens, anti-A antibodies, donate to B and AB
O: no antigens, anti-A and B antibodies, donate to all
AB: A and B antigens, no anti-A or B antibodies, donate to AB only

73
Q

Platelets are also called

A

thrombocytes

74
Q

hemophilia main symptom

A

excessive bleeding

75
Q

system interactions with cardiovascular system

A
  • Digestive system: Provides necessary molecules for blood protein formation and blood cell formation
  • Respiratory system: Helps regulate acid/base balance and aids venous return
  • Lymphatic system: Helps maintain blood volume by collecting excess fluid
  • Endocrine system: Can increase blood pressure, regulate blood volume and aid with blood cell formation
  • Urinary system: Helps regulate blood-salt balance and blood volume
76
Q

Is the lymphatic circulation separate from the cardiovascular circulation?

A

No; lymph is returned to the cardiovascular veins

77
Q

Digestive tract organs

A

Gallbladder
matches
ChoiceStores bile from liver
Large intestine
matches
ChoiceAbsorbs water and salt
Liver
matches
ChoiceProcesses and stores nutrients; produces bile
Pancreas
matches
ChoiceProduces digestive enzymes and insulin
Small intestine
matches
ChoiceSecretes digestive enzymes, absorbs nutrients, secretes hormones

78
Q

components of digestive process

A

Ingestion
Absorption
Elimination
Movement

79
Q

Layers of GI tract wall (inner to outer)

A
  • Lumen
  • Mucosa: protects from digestive enzymes
  • Submucosa: loose connective tissue w/ lymphatic vessels, blood vessels and nerves
  • Muscularis: responsible for peristalsis
  • Serosa
80
Q

parts of digestive system mucosas that have cell producing digestive enzymes

A

mouth, stomach, small intestine

81
Q

Stomach functions

A

Storage of food
Digestion of proteins
Control movement of food into small intestine

82
Q

Pancreatic enzymes

A

lipase: fat
trypsin: protein
amylase: carbs
nuclease

83
Q

Pancreas functions

A
  • Produces enzymes to break down all types of food
  • Produces sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the stomach acid
84
Q

Liver functions

A
  • Stores iron and certain vitamins
  • Regulates blood glucose by producing or breaking down glycogen
  • Converts amino groups from excess amino acids to urea
  • Produces bile
85
Q

combating low/high blood glucose

A

high: pancreas secretes insulin
low: liver releases glucose by breaking down glycogen

86
Q

where is vitamin k produced?

A

bacteria in the large intestine

87
Q

Essential amino acids

A

cannot be produced by the body

88
Q

Complete proteins

A

Eggs
Meat
Poultry
Milk products

89
Q

Fiber in the diet contributes to health by…

A

preventing cholesterol absorption, adding bulk to feces

90
Q

minerals that play a role in nerve conduction

A

sodium, calcium, potassium

91
Q

Functions that require calcium

A

nerve conduction, construction of bones and teeth, muscle contraction, blood clotting

92
Q

Major and trace minerals

A

trace: >100mg
major: <100mg

93
Q

antioxidant vitamins

A

scavenge free radicals

A, C, E

94
Q

Fat and water soluble vitamins

A
  • fat soluble: A, D, E, K
  • water soluble: C, Bs, niacin, etc
95
Q

The bottom of which bone is replaced during knee replacement surgery?

A

femur

96
Q

Connective tissue types in the skeletal system

A

cartilage, bone, ligaments

97
Q

Functions of skeletal system

A
  • protect internal organs
  • stores necessary minerals
  • produce blood cells
98
Q

Another term for the central shaft or main portion of a long bone is the

A

diaphysis

99
Q

space inside diaphysis filled with yellow bone marrow

A

medullary cavity

100
Q

enlarged end of a long bone

A

epiphysis

101
Q

metaphysis

A

small area between diaphysis and epiphysis, contains epipyseal plate

102
Q

perio vs endosteum

A

periosteum: covers bone except on ends
endosteum: on the inside

103
Q

Characteristics of epiphysis

A
  • coated with hyaline cartilage
  • contains spongy bone
  • site of blood cell production
104
Q

the bone tissue consisting of units called osteons

A

compact bone tissue

105
Q

Spongy bone characteristics

A
  • designed for strength
  • contains thin plates called trabeculae
  • unorganized
106
Q

Lacunae

A

openings or chambers in compact bone

107
Q

What connects lacunae (open chambers) in compact bone?

A

canaliculi

108
Q

Chondrocytes characteristics

A
  • located within lacunae
  • cartilage cells
109
Q

three descriptions of cartilage

A
  • no blood vessels
  • no nerves
  • gel-like matrix
110
Q

Three cartilage types

A
  • hyalin: glassy appearance, uniform fibers, somewhat flexible
  • fibrocartilage: contains a matrix with strong collagen fibers
  • elastic: contains mostly elastic fibers
111
Q

Tendon vs ligaments

A

tendon: muscle to bone
ligament: bone to bone

112
Q

Joint types

A
  • fibrous: sutures in cranial bones
  • cartilaginous: slightly movable
  • synovial: freely movable
113
Q

Joint opposing movements

A
  • flexion and extension
  • inversion and eversion
  • adduction and abduction
  • supination and pronation
114
Q

Bone cell types

A
  • osteoblasts: produce bone matrix and add calcium
  • osteocytes: mature bone cells, maintain structure
  • osteoclasts: bone-absorbing, break down bone and depositing calcium and phosphate into blood
115
Q

formation of bone is called

A

ossification

116
Q

ossification types

A
  • intramembranous: bones develop between sheets of fibrous connective tissue
  • endochondrial: bone forms within cartilage, replacing hyaline cartilage models
117
Q

Hormones regulating blood calcium levels

A
  • parathyroid hormones: increase blood calcium levels by adding into bloodstream
  • calcitonin: decreases blood calcium levels by bringing back into bone
118
Q

the cells of all muscle tissues are called

A

myocytes

119
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A
  • smooth: no nuclei, nonstriated
  • skeletal: multiple nuclei, striated
  • cardiac: no nuclei, striated
120
Q

small, fluid-filled sacks between tendons and bones

A

bursae

BIO 102 (9 decks)

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