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BIO 102 > Exam 6 Study > Flashcards

Exam 6 Study Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: The human central nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

A

False; The nerves are not part of the central nervous system

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2
Q

Central nervous system input/output

A

sensory input, motor output

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3
Q

Nervous tissue contains…

A
  • neurons: transmit nerve impulses
  • neuroglia: support and nourish neurons
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4
Q

Neuroglial functions

A
  • Astrocytes: Provide metabolic and structure support for neurons
  • Microglia: Remove bacteria and debris from nervous tissue
  • Schwann cells: Form myelin in the peripheral nervous system
  • Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin in the central nervous system
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5
Q

Nervous system specific funtions (3)

A

Receive sensory input

Generate motor output

Process and integrate information

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6
Q

Three basic neuron types

A

sensory: detect changes in the environment
motor:
interneurons: within cns

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7
Q

Which type of receptor would respond to changes in the environment?

A

Sensory

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8
Q

Three neuron parts

A

axon (gaps called node of Ranvier)
cell body
dendrite

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9
Q

The type of neuron that takes nerve impulses away from the central nervous system is a…

A

motor (efferent) neuron

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10
Q

structure or function of a sensory neuron

A
  • Very long axon carrying nerve signals from dendrites to the CNS
  • Connects with an interneuron in the CNS
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11
Q

Myelin characteristics

A
  • Formed by the Schwann cells in the PNS
  • Formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS
  • Longer axons are more likely to have myelin
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12
Q

A bundle of long axons outside of the central nervous system is called a

A

nerve

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13
Q

In the CNS, gray matter is gray because it contains no…

A

myelin

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14
Q

What forms myelin sheath?

A

schwann cell membranes wrapping around axon

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15
Q

The potential energy that an inactive neuron maintains as a result of its polarized membrane is called the

A

resting potential

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16
Q

In a resting neuron, the inside of the cell is negatively charged mainly because of

A

negatively charged proteins inside the cell

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17
Q

During the conduction of a nerve impulse, the event that spreads along the plasma membrane is called an

A

action potential

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18
Q

gray vs white matter

A

gray: no myelin
white: myelin

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19
Q

Threshold

A

voltage necessary for an action potential to be propogated

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20
Q

In a resting neuron, which positively charged ions are more concentrated outside of the cell?

A

sodium

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21
Q

Which part of a neuron conducts an action potential?

A

axon

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22
Q

The location where an axon terminal of one neuron comes into close proximity with a dendrite or cell body of a second neuron is called a

A

SYNAPSE!

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23
Q

The best definition of an axon terminal is

A

the small swelling at the tip of an axon branch

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24
Q

events that occur during signal transmission at a synapse

A
  • Calcium stimulates synaptic vesicles to merge with sending neuron membrane.
  • Action potential arrives at an axon terminal.
  • Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.
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25
Q

Events that occur when an excitatory neurotransmitter is released at a synapse in chronological order, with the earliest event at the top.

A
  • never signals travel along an axon to reach axon terminal
  • calcium ions enter terminal and stimulating synaptic vesicles to merge iwht the sending membrane
  • neurotransmitter molecules release into the synaptic cleft and diffusing across to receving membrance
  • sodium ions diffuse into receiving neuron
  • action potential begins in the receiving neuron
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26
Q

Characteristics of NTs

A

Can be excitatory

Can be inhibitory

Released from synaptic vesicles

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27
Q

excitatory vs inhibitory nts

A

excitatory: allow sodium ions into neuron

inhibitory: allow potassium out of a neuron

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28
Q

neurotransmitters that are active in the PNS for the stimulation of smooth muscle

A

Norepinephrine

Acetylcholine

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29
Q

Whereas an inhibitory signal causes a neuron to be ______ threshold, an excitatory signal causes a neuron to be ______ threshold.

A

further from; closer to

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30
Q

Neurotransmitters are involved in transmitting signals between…

A
  • nerve to nerve
  • nerve to muscle
  • nerve to gland
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31
Q

Know spinal cross section

A

Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglion
Spinal nerve
Ventral root
Gray matter
White matter

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32
Q

largest part of brain in humans that regulates motor output

A

cerebrum

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33
Q

cerebral structures (grooves and folds)

A

Sulcus: Shallow groove
Gyrus: Thick fold

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34
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • Region of the brain that accounts for thought processes
  • Region of the brain that accounts for sensation
  • Convoluted outer layer of gray matter that covers the cerebral hemispheres
  • Region of the brain that accounts for voluntary movement
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35
Q

Where is the primary motor area responsible for initiating voluntary commands to skeletal muscles located?

A

frontal lobe

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36
Q

Match the cerebral lobe with the correct function.

A

Frontal: Movement
Occipital: Vision
Parietal: Somatic senses
Temporal: Sound

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37
Q

Areas of the cerebrum where integration occurs and where memories are stored are called

A

association areas

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38
Q

Wernicke’s and Broca’s

A

W: Understanding written and spoken words
B: motor control of muscles for speaking and writing

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39
Q

As a child grows, progressive ______ allows the brain to increase in size and complexity.

A

myelination

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40
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • Regulates hunger, thirst, sleep, body temperature, and water balance
  • Integrating center that helps maintain homeostasis
  • Controls the pituitary gland
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41
Q

melatonin is secreted by the

A

pineal gland

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42
Q

cerebellum

A
  • Lies under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
  • Receives sensory input about the present position of body parts
  • The pattern of white matter is called the arbor vitae
  • Contains both gray and white matter
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43
Q

Thalamus

A

Participates in higher mental functions

Receiving end for all sensory input except smell

Integrates sensory information and sends it to appropriate portions of the cerebrum

Involved in arousal of the cerebrum

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44
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Contains tracts that descend between spinal cord and higher brain centers

Contains tracts that ascend between the spinal cord and higher brain centers

Contains reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, and swallowing

Lies just superior to the spinal cord

45
Q

Hippocampus

A

sends information to memory

46
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have

A

12

47
Q

Two divisions of the nervous system

A

somatic: controls skeletal muscle

autonomic: regulates smooth muscle of organs

48
Q

The autonomic division of the PNS is divided into the sympathetic and ____ divisions.

A

parasympathetic

49
Q

Select the features shared by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

A

Use two neurons and one ganglion to carry impulses

Typically function involuntarily

50
Q

Which of the following are characteristics of the sympathetic division of the autonomic system?

A

Inhibit the digestive organs

Important during emergency situations

Neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axon is primarily norepinephrine

51
Q

Select the correct descriptions of the structure of the parasympathetic nervous system.

A

Ganglia are located within or near the organ affected.

The vagus nerve carries parasympathetic fibers.

Some preganglionic fibers originate from the sacral portion of the spinal cord.

52
Q

Select all correct descriptions of the expected activities of the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Dilates the bronchi

Inhibits urine formation

Inhibits digestion

53
Q

motor pathways within the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system

A

The neurotransmitter is acetylcholine.

Effectors are skeletal muscles.

Fibers are carried by most cranial and all spinal nerves.

54
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

Causes the pupil of the eye to contract

Promotes digestion

Slows the heart rate

55
Q

The sensory receptors that detect pain are called

A

nociceptors

56
Q

The perception of a stimulus by the cerebral cortex is known as

A

sensation (NOT PERCEPTION)

57
Q

The somatic senses are those whose receptors are associated with which areas of the body?

A

Joints

Skin

Muscles

58
Q

Which type of somatic receptor detects touch and pressure in the skin?

A

cutaneous receptors

59
Q

Stimulation of pain receptors in an internal organ that is also felt in another area of the body is called

A

referred pain

60
Q

Select all specific examples of chemoreceptors.

A

olfactory cells
taste cells

61
Q

Which type of cutaneous receptors are simple free nerve endings?

A

Thermoreceptors

62
Q

Primary tastes

A
  • sweet
  • sour
  • salty
  • umami
  • bitter
63
Q

Three eye layers outer to inner

A

sclera, choroid, retina

64
Q

The white fibrous outer layer of the eyeball is the

A

sclera

65
Q

The transparent portion of the outer eye that allows light to enter the eye is the

A

cornea

66
Q

The part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil is the

A

iris

67
Q

The eye structure that changes shape in order to focus an image on the retina is the

A

lens

68
Q

The type of photoreceptor that is more concentrated in the center of the retina, allows for color vision and responds to bright light is called a

A

cone cell

69
Q

The light-absorbing pigment found in rods is

A

rhodopsin (from vitamin A)

70
Q

Select all functions of rod cells in the eye.

A

Night vision

Detection of motion

Peripheral vision

71
Q

The outer most layer of retinal neurons (closest to the choroid) is the layer that contains

A

rod and cone cells

72
Q

Place the cellular layers of the retina in the correct order, with the first layer that light would pass through at the top.

A
  • rods and cones
  • bipolar cells
  • ganglion cells
73
Q

The sensory receptor cells for the senses of hearing and balance are called

A

hair cells

74
Q

The light-absorbing pigment found in rods is

A

rhodopsin

75
Q

hair cells (mircovilli) are located in the

A

inner ear

76
Q

The three small bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit vibrations across the middle ear are collectively called the

A

ossicles

77
Q

Place these structures in the correct order as impulses would travel through them after leaving the eye. The first structure that the impulses travel through should be at the top.

A
  • optic nerve
  • optic chiasma
  • optic tracts
  • visual cortex
78
Q

components of the middle ear

A

Auditory tube

Ossicles

Tympanic membrane

79
Q

The structures of the ear that transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window are the

A

ossicles

80
Q

Nerve impulses associated with hearing leave the inner ear by way of the

A

cochlear nerve

81
Q

sound mechanisms

A
  • pitch: Region of the basilar membrane that vibrates (from base to tip)
  • volume: Amplitude (strength) of vibration of the basilar membrane
82
Q

The three half-circle-shaped canals in the inner ear that function in the maintenance of rotational equilibrium are called

A

semicircular canals

83
Q

endo/exocrine glands

A
  • Endocrine: Releases secretion into the blood
  • Exocrine: Releases secretion into a duct
84
Q

Features of the endocrine system

A

Takes longer to elicit a response than the nervous system, but the response will be longer lasting

Is largely composed of glands

Uses hormones that are released into the bloodstream to communicate with target cells

85
Q

know locations of glands

A

hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
adrenal

86
Q

prostaglandins are examples of

A

local hormones

87
Q

A chemical messenger that influences the behavior of other individuals is a

A

pheromone

88
Q

Which types of hormones are typically considered first messengers?

A

peptide

89
Q

two major types of hormones

A
  • peptide: from proteins, glycoproteins, modified amino acids
  • steroid: derived from cholesterol
90
Q

Growth hormone is what type of hormone?

A

peptide

91
Q

List the events describing the action of steroid hormones in the correct sequence.

A
  • hormone diffuses through plasma membrane
  • hormone binds to a receptor in the nucleus
  • hormone-receptor complex activates a gene
  • a specific mRNA molecule is synthesized
92
Q

The part of the brain that regulates the internal environment of the body by linking the endocrine and nervous systems is the

A

hypothalamus

93
Q

The small gland that lies just inferior to the hypothalamus and that has anterior and posterior regions is called the

A

pituitary gland

94
Q

ADH and oxytocin are released by the

A

posterior pituitary gland

95
Q

If a person drinks a lot of water, the amount of ADH secreted into the bloodstream

A

decreases

96
Q

what controls pituitary secretion

A

hypothalamus

97
Q

Match each hormone secreted by the pituitary gland with the target tissue or gland that it acts on.

A
  • Adrenocorticotropic: Adrenal cortex
  • Growth: Bones, muscle, other tissues
  • Luteinizing: Ovaries, testes
  • Prolactin: Mammary glands
98
Q

produced by anterior pituitary

A
  • growth hormone
  • prolactin
  • TSH
  • FSH
  • ACTH
99
Q

secreted by anterior pituitary

A
  • GH
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • LH
  • FSH
100
Q

Which of the following hormones are examples of gonadotropic hormones?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

101
Q

Which endocrine gland regulates the overall metabolic rate of the body, as well as playing a role in calcium homeostasis?

A

thyroid

102
Q

Blood calcium level is regulated in part by
____, a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when the blood calcium level rises.

A

calcitonin

103
Q

The stimulus that causes the parathyroid glands to secrete parathyroid hormone is

A

low blood calcium

104
Q

hormones produced by adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

105
Q

adrenal cortex vs medulla secretion

A

cortex: aldosterone and cortisol

106
Q

When blood sodium levels and blood pressure are low, the kidneys secrete ___, which leads to the release of ___ from the adrenal cortex

A

renin, aldosterone

107
Q

When aldosterone is secreted into the blood, blood pressure will

A

increase

108
Q

The hormone melatonin is produced by the

A

pineal gland

BIO 102 (9 decks)

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