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EMT > Exam 4 study guide > Flashcards

Exam 4 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

how to treat spinal injuries

A

1.Ensure oxygenation and normal ventilation.
2. treat severe bleeding
3. pay attention to blood glucose levels
4. spinal motion restriction: Cervical collar, Rigid Spine board, scoop stretcher, and vacuum mattress.

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2
Q

A collection of blood between the brain and dura

A

subdural hematoma

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3
Q

blood between the dura and skull?

A

epidural hematoma

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4
Q

when blood pools within the brain

A

intracerebral hematoma

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5
Q

Mouth closed head injury without detectable damage to the brain complete recovery is usually expected but effects may linger for weeks months or even years

A

Concussion.

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6
Q

Scattered areas of bleeding on the surface of the brain, most commonly along the undersurface and poles of the frontal and temporal lobes. When the brain strikes a Ridge on the skull or a fold in the dura matter.

A

Cerebral contusion

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7
Q

Open head versus close head injury and how are they treated?

A

And open head injury is when the bones of the cranium are fractured. A closed head injury is if the scalp is lacerated but the cranium is intact.

You treat them by:
1. taking appropriate standard precautions.
2. Consider the possibility of a spine injury.
3. Open and maintain airway.
4. Monitor the unconscious patient for changes in breathing.
5. If indicated, apply a rigid cervical collar and initiate spinal motion restriction. 6.Control bleeding.
7. Keep the patient at rest.
8. Talk to the patient and provide emotional support, dress and bandage open wounds
9. manage the patient for shock.
10. Be prepared for vomiting.
11. Transport patient promptly monitor vital signs every 5 minutes.

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8
Q

The transfer of heat from one material to another through direct contact.

A

Conduction.

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9
Q

Carrying away of heat by currents of air, water, Or other gases or other liquids.

A

Convection.

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10
Q

Sending out energy such as heat in waves into space.

A

Radiation.

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11
Q

The change from liquid to gas when the body perspires or gets wet.

A

Evaporation.

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12
Q

What does a bench steering wheel indicate?

A

It indicates if a patient suffered a chest or abdominal injury.

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13
Q

A burn that involves only the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. It is characterized by reddening of the skin and perhaps some swelling. A common example is a sunburn.

A

Superficial or first degree burn.

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14
Q

A burn in which the epidermis is burned through and the dermis is damaged. Burns of this type cause reddening, blistering and a molted appearance, also called a second degree burn

A

Partial thickness burn.

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15
Q

A burn in which all the layers of the skin are damaged. They are usually areas that are charred, black or areas that are dry and white.

A

Full thickness burn.

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16
Q

A method for estimating the extent of a burn. The palm and fingers of the patient’s own hand, which make up about 1% of the body’s surface area, are compared with the patient’s burn to estimate its size.

A

Rule of Palm.

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17
Q

steps for controlling bleeding

A

1.Ensure Scene is safe
2.Use proper PPE
3.determine how aggressive to be with bleeding control
4. If bleeding is massive, make it your first priority. If not, continue through the airway and breathing steps.
5. Treat for Bleeding using direct pressure hemostatic agents wound packing tourniquet use on extremities or specialized compression devices for junctional bleeding.

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18
Q

Hypoperfusion caused by a spinal cord injury that results a systemic vasodilation

A

Neurogenic shock

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19
Q

increased work of breathing a sensation of shortness of breath

A

respiratory distress

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20
Q

fluid build up in the lungs

A

Pulmonary Edema

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21
Q

A brain injury or another medical condition that can cause growing pressure inside your skull

A

Increased Intercranial Pressure ICP

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22
Q

Blockage of blood supply to organs caused by bubbles in an artery

A

arterial gas embolism aka air embolism

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23
Q

as a scuba diver descends pressure increases causing nitrogen to be absorbed in the body’s tissues what is this called

A

decompression sickness or the bends Think 47 meters now when Mandy Moore started having dizziness and vertigo and she was like hallucinating and **

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24
Q

Bruise of the heart muscle

A

myocardial contusion

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25
Q

What is epistaxis and how is it treated

A

Nosebleed, treat it by:
1. Having patient sit down and lean forward
2. Direct pressure to the fleshy portion around the nostrils.
3. Keep the patient calm and quiet and advise the patient not to snort or forcibly wipe the precious nose once pressure is released.
4. Do not let patient lean back.
5.if the patient becomes unconscious or unable to maintain own airway place in recovery position and be prepared to provide suction and aggressive airway management

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26
Q

when someone gets hit in the center of the chest just when the heart is electrically vulnerable

A

commotio cordis

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27
Q

When air builds up in the chest cavity causing the lung to collapse

A

pnuemothorax

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28
Q

When blood fills up in the chest cavity

A

hemothorax

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29
Q

When blood and air fills up in the chest caivity

A

hemopneumothorax

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30
Q

Injury caused by a blow that does not penetrate the skin or other body tissues.

A

blunt force trauma

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31
Q

an injury when an object passes through the skin or other body tissues.

A

penetrating trauma

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32
Q

stages of hypothermia

A

Shivering: 96 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit, 37.0 t0 35.5 celsius
Intensive shivering: 95-91 fahrenheit or 35.5-32.7 celsius
strong muscular rigity 90-86 f or 32.0-30.0 c
patient becomes irrational
cardiac dysrhythmia may develop: 85-81 F or29.4-27.2 C.
Patient loses consciousness 80-78 F or 26.6-20.5 C

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33
Q

as the body loses salts bringing on painful muscle cramps

A

heat cramps

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34
Q

patient presents with moist, pale skin that feels normal or cool to the touch.

A

heat exhaustuion

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35
Q

when a persons temp regulating mechs fail and the patient has hot skin that is dry or moist

A

heat stroke

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36
Q

how to treat heat exhaustion and cramps

A
  1. remove patient from hot enviorment and place in coolIf there are signs of hypoxia or the patient’s vital signs indicate or suggest the potential for shock administer oxygen.
    2.Loosen or move clothing and cool the patient by fanning without chilling patient. Watch for shivering.
    3.Put the patient in the supine position.
    If the patient is responsive and not nauseated and you will not transport, give the patient small sips of water to drink. If this causes nausea or vomiting, do not give anymore water.
    4.If patient experiences muscle cramps, apply moist towels over cramped muscles.
    5.Transport the patient.
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37
Q

how to treat heat stroke

A

1.remove patient from the hot environment
2. remove clothing and apply cooling packs to the neck groin and arm pits.
3. administer high concentration oxygen
4. transport immediately

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38
Q

The sternum and the ribs exert severe pressure on. the heart and forcing some blood out of the right atrium up into the jugular veins in the neck.

A

Traumatic asphyxia.

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39
Q

when sudden changes in air or water pressure damage your body

A

barotrauma

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40
Q

Muscle injury caused by overstretching or overexertion of the muscle.

A

strain

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41
Q

stretching or tearing of ligaments

A

sprain

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42
Q

how to treat altitude sickness

A

arrange immediate descent
high concentration oxygen
provide supportive treatment

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43
Q

hyper and hypothermia related body temps

A

hyper 105.8 F or 41 C
hypo 91.5 F or 33 C

44
Q

Identifies pericardial effusion and hemoperitoneum

A

focused trauma exam

45
Q

How does the body compensate for heat and for cold

A

For cold the body reduces perspiration and circulation to the skin shutting down avenues by which the body usually gets rid of excess heat
For heat, conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation and respiration

46
Q

how long do you flush eyes for

A

20 minutes or until you arrive at the appropriate facility

47
Q

a fracture in which the bone is broken in several places

A

comminuted fracture

48
Q

a fracture in which the broken bone segments are at an angle to each other

A

Angulated fracture

49
Q

an incomplete fracture

A

Greenstick fracture Think about when you’ve bend a toothpick. It doesn’t break all the way, but you see like the follicles coming apart.

50
Q

What is the primary assessment in trauma

A

ABC’S and transport decision

51
Q

How to check CSM for an extremity injury

A
  1. Feel for radial pulse
  2. assess motor by checking patients’ ability to move hands
    3.assess strength by having patient squeeze your fingers
  3. assess sensation by asking patient which finger I am touching don’t let them see. If the patient is unresponsive pinch the back of hand and watch and listen for a response
  4. check distal circulation via posterior tibial pulse or dorsalis pedis pulse at top of the foot
  5. assess distal motor function by checking patients’ ability to move feet
  6. Assess strength in feet and legs by asking the patient to push against hands.
  7. sensation ask which toe I am touching if patient is unresponsive pinch top of foot check for response.
52
Q

bleeding that occurs in the body, the bleeding itself is not visible S/S?

A

this is internal bleeding
S/Bleeding from mouth rectum vagina or penis, bruising swelling and tenderness over vital organs, injuries to surface of the body, Gi bleeds, painful swollen or deformed extremities

53
Q

rule of nine

A

This determines the extent of a burn so. basically. your face, your upper back, your lower back, your legs, your arms total up. Each is 9% part of your body. and it totals up to 99% in the other one percentage of genitalia. So just determines how much of your body was burned and you would do it based off of that

54
Q

chemical burn treatments

A
  1. wash away chemical with flowing water. if it’s a dry chemical continuous flow of water
  2. Apply sterile dressing or burn sheet.
  3. treat for shock
    transport
55
Q

force or forces that may have caused the injury

A

Mechanism of injury

56
Q

different types of MVC’s and injuries to suspect.

A
  1. Head on collisions: head, neck, chest, abdominal, hip, knee, leg injuries
  2. Rear end collision: neck head and chest injuries
  3. Side impact: chest, abdomen, pelvis and thighs
  4. roll over: multiple injuries due to multiple types of impact
57
Q

What is down and under when referring to MVC?

A

the patient follows a pathway down and under the steering wheel causing knee leg and hip injuries.

58
Q

What is up and over referring to MVC?

A

The patient follows a pathway up and over the steering wheel commonly striking the head on the windshield. causing head and neck injuries. the patient may strike the chest and abdomen on the steering wheel while causing chest injuries or breathing problems and internal organ injuries.

59
Q

signs of a motor vehicle collision

A

you see airbags, you see seatbelt abrasions, the car is visibly damaged like something crashed into it. A bent or damaged steering wheel

60
Q

How should one splint a deformity with or without a pulse?

A
  1. Care for life threatening problems first
  2. expose the injury site
  3. assess distal CSM
  4. Align long bone injuries to anatomic position (only if a severe deformity is present or distal circulation is compromised)
  5. Do not push long bones back into place
  6. immobilize injury and adjacent joints
  7. Choose a method of splinting: (splint each site individually. Secure limb to torso or an uninjured leg. secure the entire body to a spine board.)
  8. splint before moving the patient to a stretcher or another location if possible
  9. Pad the voids
61
Q

a neck injury due to forceful, rapid back and forth movement of the neck like the cracking of a whip

A

Whiplash

62
Q

Major mechanisms of injury

A

MVC’s, Falls, blunt force and penetrating trauma.

63
Q

when the bruising of the brain occurs on the side of the blow and when the bruising of the brain occurs on the opposite side of the blow.

A

coup injury occurs on the side and countercoup occurs on the opposite side of the blow.

64
Q

outer layer of the skin

A

epidermis

65
Q

the inner layer of the skin found beneath the epidermis. it is rich in blood vessels and nerves

A

Dermis

66
Q

layers of fat and soft tissues found below the dermis

A

subcutaneous layers

67
Q

A bruise

A

contusion

68
Q

the tearing away or tearing off of a piece or flap of skin or other soft tissue. eye pulled or tooth dislodged from its socket

A

Avulsion

69
Q

a scratch or scrape

A

Abrasion

70
Q

when something penetrates the skin

A

puncture

71
Q

what part of the spine controls respirations

A

third fourth and fifth cervical nerves

72
Q

Shock resulting from blood loss

A

Hemorrhagic shock

73
Q

how to treat shock

A

Initiate transport to an appropriate destination
Prevent hypoxia via high concentration oxygen
prevent heat loss
consider shock positioning
request als if necessary

74
Q

Fracture of two or more adjacent ribs in two or more places that allows for free movement of the fractured segment.

A

Flail Chest

75
Q

movement of the ribs in a flail segment that is opposite to the direction of movement of the direction of movement of the rest of the chest wall.

A

paradoxical motion

76
Q

When an injury to the heart causes blood to flow into the surrounding pericardial sac and to compress the heart

A

cardiac tamponade

77
Q

how to treat a sucking chest wound

A
  1. Scene safety
  2. Consider the need for ALS
  3. Maintain open airway
  4. identify and seal open chest wound
  5. Apply occlusive dressing to seal an open chest wound.
  6. if possible, allow patient to remain in a position of comfort
  7. administer high concentration oxygen
  8. treat for shock
  9. transport ASAP
78
Q

how to treat an evisceration

A
  1. be alert for vomiting and keep the airway open
  2. place patient on the back legs flexed at the knees
  3. administer supplemental oxygen for hypoxia
  4. Treat for shock
  5. give nothing to the patient by mouth
  6. Constantly monitor vitals
  7. Transport as soon as possible
79
Q

How to identify an anterior hip dislocation?

A

The patient’s entire lower limb is rotated outward and the hips are usually flexed.

80
Q

How to identify a posterior hip dislocation?

A

The patient’s leg was rotated inward. The hip is flex and the knees are bent. The foot may hang loose and the patient is unable to flex the foot or lift the toes.

81
Q

three components of Cushing’s Triad

A

increase in systolic BP
decrease in heart rate
and decrease in respirations.
this deals with ICP
The opposite of what some one that is in shock is experiencing

82
Q

Bulging of the neck veins

A

Jugular Vein Distention it indicates heart failure and other heart and circulatory issues

83
Q

What is becks triad

A

3 medical siggns associated with cardiac tamponade
1. Low arterial blood pressure
2. Distended neck veins
3. Muffled heart tones

84
Q

How do you treat hypothermia

A

Passive rewarming, active rewarming, and central rewarming

85
Q

Precautions moving a patient with hypothermia.

A

Avoid ruff handling, this can cause ventricular fibrillation (life threatening heart rhythm)

86
Q

An injury sustained at the site of external force (hit by a ball, bat, or person)

A

Direct injury

87
Q

an injury sustained from an internal force (pulled hamstring or a sprained ankle)

A

Indirect injury

88
Q

Injuries to the body that effect more than one body system (a fall, or a car crash)

A

multisystem trauma

89
Q

A body in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an outside force example the body will keep moving until it hits a wall or tree.

A

inertia

90
Q

What is your first priority in trauma patient

A

rapidly identify and treat life threatening injury

91
Q

a break of a bone in the base of the skull

A

Basilar skull fracture

92
Q

Air molecules slam into one another, creating a pressure wave moving outward from the blast center, causing pressure injuries

A

pressure wave primary blast injury

93
Q

Instantaneous combustion of the explosive agent creates superheated gases. The resulting pressure blows the bomb casing apart pieces of the bomb become projectiles that cause injuries by impacting the patient.

A

Blast wave/ Secondary injury

94
Q

The blast wind may propel the patient to the ground or against objects

A

tertiary blast injury or patient displacement

95
Q

burns, inhalation lung injury and asphyxia caused by inhalation of combustion explosion materials

A

Quaternary blast injury

96
Q

how to apply a cervical collar

A
  1. Make sure its the appropriate size
  2. ensure inline stabilization
  3. slide collar under neck then under jaw
97
Q

GCS

A

Glasgow coma scale
1. eye opening
2. verbal response
3. motor response

98
Q

bleeding, has pulsating flow, spurting blood, and is bright red color

A

arterial bleeding

99
Q

bleeding: steady slow flow, dark red color

A

venous bleeding

100
Q

bleeding: slow even oozing flow

A

capillary bleeding

101
Q

How to treat bleeding

A

Direct pressure
Hemostatic agents
wound packing
tourniquet uses on extremities.
specialized compression devices for junctional bleeding

102
Q

RUQ organs

A

right portion of liver, gallbladder, right kidney , small portion of the stomach, duodenum, part of small intestine.

103
Q

RLQ organs

A

appendix, part of the small intestine right ureter, and right half of the female productive system

104
Q

LUQ organs

A

left portion of liver, larger portion of stomach, pancreas, left kidney spleen, part of small intestine.

105
Q

LLQ organs

A

large intestine, left ureter, left female productive organs.

EMT (30 decks)

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