Exam 4 - Types of Cancers Flashcards by Ashley Burkhalter

malignancy of the oral mucosa

may occur on the lips, tongue, floor of mouth

oral cancer

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oral cancer risk factors

smoking
drinking
alcohol
chewing tobacco
marijuana
occupational exposure
viruses (HPV)

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early s/sx of oral cancer

painless ulcerations

leukoplakia (white patches)
erythroplakia (red patches)

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late s/s of oral cancer

impaired speaking, swallow, chewing
swollen lymph nodes
blood-tinged sputum
trimus (difficulty moving the jaw)

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malignant neoplasm of the esophagus

esophageal cancer

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esophageal cancer causes

GERD
tobacco
alcohol (excessive use)
obesity
oral hygiene
nitrates
Barrett’s esophagus (chronic inflammation)
achalasia (slow emptying)

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esophageal cancer s/sx

late onset
progressive dysphagia
substernal, epigastric, back pain
weight loss
regurgitation of blood-flecked contents

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s/sx of esophageal cancer is in the upper 1/3

sore throat
choking
hoarseness
hemorrhage

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races with the highest incidence of stomach cancer

Hispanics
African Americans
Asian Americans

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stomach cancer risk factors

H. pylori
genetics
chronic gastritis
gastric polyps
pernicious anemia
achlorhydria (lack of HCl)
smoked foods nitrates

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where is stomach cancer most commonly found

distal portion of the stomach

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stomach cancer mets usually goes to the ___

liver

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stomach cancer s/sx

satiety (early fullness)
anorexia
indigestion
vomiting
unrelieved ulcer-like pain

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late s/sx of stomach cancer

weight loss
cachectic
palpable mass
GI bleed

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rapid movement of hypertonic chyme into small intestines

dumping syndrome

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dumping syndrome s/sx

occurs within 15 minutes of eating
weakness
dizziness
diaphoresis
epigastric fullness
tachycardia
abdominal cramping
self-limiting

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dumping syndrome education

no fluids with meals
low carb
small meals with protein + fats

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colorectal cancer risk factors

family hx - 1st degree relative with CRC and IBD
lynch syndrome
smoking
alcohol
high beef, low fat diet
low fiber intake

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factors that reduce risk of CRC

exercise
diet high in fruit, veggies, and grains
long term use of NSAIDs

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colorectal cancer s/sx

rectal bleeding (most common)
alt. C/D
sensation of incomplete evacuation
obstruction
change in stools (narrow, ribbon like)

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L sided colorectal cancer is associated with ___

obstruction

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R sided colorectal cancer is associated with ___ ___ and ___

bloody stool; diarrhea

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anal cancer is associated with ___

HPV

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anal cancer risk factors

HPV
anal sex
smokers
cervical, vulver cancer
immune compromised

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anal cancer s/sx

rectal bleeding sensation of a mass pain can be no s/sx at all

pancreatic cancer risk factors

smoking environmental chemicals/toxins high fat diet DM chronic pancreatitis > 60 y/o

pancreatic cancer s/sx

pain* jaundice* weight loss* vague upper abdominal, lower back pain early mets ascites insulin deficiency abdominal pain aggravated by meals *classic signs

renal cell cancer is associated with ___ and ___ ___

smoking; bladder cancer

renal cell cancer risk factors

acquired cystic disease HTN tobacco African American men 50-70 y/o

renal cell cancer s/sx

no s/sx initially flank pain hematuria mass in flank or abdomen

main risk factor for bladder cancer

smoking

bladder cancer risk factors

women 60-70 y/o transitional cell carcinoma environmental recurrent UTI, calculi long-term cath

bladder cancer s/sx

hematuria dysuria frequency urgency

pelvic and back pain for bladder cancer indicates ___

mets

lung cancer is common found in which lobes

upper

2 non-small cell lung cancer types

squamous adenocarinoma large cell undiff

most aggressive form of lung cancer

small cell lung cancer

lung cancer s/sx

silent until late productive cough change in cough dyspnea, chest pain hemoptysis slow development of persistent PNA arm, shoulder pain hoariness, local wheezing superior vena cava syndrome clubbing enlarged lymphnodes pain loss of appetite N/V weakness

myelodysplastic syndrome is a group of ___ disorders

hematologic disoders

s/sx of myelodysplastic syndrome

infection bleeding neutropenia thrombocytopenia anemia

unrestrained growth of WBC replacing normal bone marrow elements stem cells become malignant

leukemia

2 types of ACUTE leukemia

acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) affects IMMATURE cells

2 types of CHRONIC leukemia

chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) affects MATURE cells

AML characteristics

uncontrolled proliferation of myeloblasts precursors of eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils hyperplasia: bone marrow, spleen

AML survival rate

1 year

acute lymphocytic leukemia is consider a ___ ____

childhood disease median age is 15

s/sx of ALL

abrupt fever, bleeding, weakness, fatigue, joint pain

mean age for CML

survival rate for CML

3-4 years

s/sx of CML

none early fatigue weakness fever spenomegaly joint pain

CLL average survival rate

7 years

CLL is more common in ___ with an average age of ___

men; 71

CLL s/sx

asymptomatic chronic fatigue, mild anemia, lymphadenopathu

leukemia s/sx as a whole

fatigue, malaise pallor bone, joint, abdominal, sternal pain fever, nigh sweats weight loss, anorexia infection petechiae nose bleeds, hemorrhages enlarged spleen, liver

cancers originating in the bone marrow and lymphatic structures

lymphoma

2 categories of lymphoma

Hodgkin's Non-Hodgkin's

Hodgkin's risk factors

Epstein-Barr genetics exposure to toxins

Hodgkin's is identified by while cells

Reed-Sternberg

Hodgkin's s/sx

painless lymphnode enlargement pressure fatigue itching weight loss pain with alcohol consumption slight fever w/o infection spleen, liver enlarged progressive anemia night sweats weight loss

Hodgkins stage 1

single node, contiguous structures

Hodgkins stage 2

> 1 node, unilateral of diaphragm

Hodgkin's stage 3

above + below diaphragm

Hodgkin's stage 4

disseminated diffusely

s/sx of non-Hodgkin's

swollen, painless lymphnodes (neck, armpits, groin) unexplained weight loss fever, itching soaking night sweats coughing; difficulty breathing, CP weakness, tiredness that won't go away pain, swelling, feeling of fullness in abdomen

cancer of the epidermis locally invades, potential mets

squamous cell carincoma

cancer of basal layer of epidermis damage underlying tissue, progresses to vital structures; usually not mets

basal cell carinoma

originates in melanin producing cells of epidermis highly metastatic

malignant melanoma

skin cancer risk factors

UV light over long period of time chronic skin irritation fair complexion several moles family hx of unusual moles family, personal hx of melanoma

3 types of bx

shave punch excision

ABCD of Melanoma

asymmetry Borders Color Diameter (> 6mm)

Exam 4 - Types of Cancers Flashcards

(70 cards)