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Anatomy > Exam 4- Urinary System > Flashcards

Exam 4- Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Urinary System !!!

A

-Excretion= filter blood to remove wastes from body fluids
-Production, storage, & elimination of urine
-Homeostatic regulation (electrolyte concentration, blood pH, fluid volume & BP, erythropoiesis)

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2
Q

Function/Location/Structure of Kidney

A

function: filter blood and produce urine
location: retroperitoneal (behind peritoneal membrane that lines abdominal cavity)
structure: three external layers-
1. renal fascia: anchor kidney in place
2. perinephric fat (adipose capsule): provide protection and padding
3. fibrous (renal) capsule: for protection

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3
Q

Structure of Kidney: Renal Cortex, Renal Column, Renal Medulla, Renal Pyramids, Renal Papilla, Minor Calyx, Major Calyx, Renal Pelvis, Renal Sinus

A

Renal Cortex: outer region
Renal Column: extension of renal cortex that passes b/w renal pyramids
Renal Medulla: inner region
Renal Pyramid: cone-shaped structure in medulla
Papilla: where renal pyramid tapers into
Minor calyx: cup-shaped tube next to renal papilla that collects urine
Major calyx: where minor calyx drain into
Renal pelvis: where major calyx drain into that empties into ureter
Renal Sinus: internal chamber that contains major and minor calyces, renal pelvis, and some adipose tissue

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4
Q

Function of Ureter

A

move urine from kidneys to bladder

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5
Q

Function of Urethra

A

move urine from bladder to exterior

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6
Q

Function of Urinary Bladder

A

stores urine

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7
Q

Nephron

A

def: main functional unit of kidney
structure:
-renal corpuscle: contains glomerulus inside and glomerular capsule surrounding glomerulus
-renal tubule: contains PCT, nephron loop, and DCT

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8
Q

Types of Nephrons

A
  1. Cortical Nephron: majority of nephrons; have short nephron loops
  2. Juxtamedullary Nephron: long nephron loops that extend into medulla. Important for concentrating the urine & reabsorbing water
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9
Q

Collecting System & Types

A

def: comes after nephron; nephrons empty filtrate (urine) & further modify it until it becomes urine
-Cortical collecting ducts: (go through cortex) receive filtrate from DCT & empty into medullary collecting ducts
-Medullary collecting ducts: empty into papillary ducts
-Papillary ducts: empty into minor calyx at renal papilla

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10
Q

Urea

A

most abundant organic waste from protein catabolism (ammonia -> urea)

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11
Q

Creatinine

A

from breakdown of creatine phosphate

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12
Q

Uric Acid

A

product of breaking down nucleic acid

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13
Q

Renal Failure & Dialysis

A

Renal Failure: results in buildup of toxic wastes
Dialysis: method to artificially filter blood

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14
Q

Renal Physiology !!!

A
  1. Filtration: passive movement of fluid & solutes; solutes + water go ; OUT of blood INTO filtrate
  2. Reabsorption: active or passive movement of water & solute; OUT of filtrate INTO blood
  3. Secretion: active transport of water & solutes; OUT of blood INTO filtrate
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15
Q

Passive Transport

A

diffusion (solute from high to low) & osmosis (water from low concentration to high concentration)

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16
Q

Active Transport

A

requires an energy input; pumps that need ATP to pump substances against concentration gradient

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17
Q

Carrier-Mediated Transport

A

*require protein carrier/pumps
Examples: facilitated diffusion (passive transport) & active transport
*carriers (channels) are specific & can be saturated (when saturated, they are working at max capacity & cannot move any more substances) aka, cannot pump anymore

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18
Q

Transport Maximus & Renal Threshold

A

Transport Maximus: max amount of a solute in blood that can be reabsorbed in kidneys; cannot move/reabsorb any more substances
Renal Threshold: concentration of substance before it starts appearing in urine

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19
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

outside part is the Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule & inside is glomerulus

20
Q

Visceral & parietal layers of capsule

A

visceral layer: made of specialized epithelial cells (podocytes)
parietal layer: outside of capsule made of simple squamous epithelium

21
Q

Podocytes

A

have pedicels: “feet” that wrap around glomerular capillaries to form filtration slits
-only small substances can fit through filtration slits and filter out of glomerulus; control size of substances that go in/out

22
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A

type of passive transport driven that happens when blood goes through glomerulas, water & solutes leave the blood and enter capsular space that becomes filtrate
Only selective based on size (proteins & cells aren’t filtered)

23
Q

Components of Filtration Membrane

A

def: what substances need to cross to come out of blood to enter filtrate
1.pores on fenestrated glomerular capillaries
2. sticky basement membrane: thin layer of gel extracellular matrix with proteins
3. podocyte filtration slits

24
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

what drives filtration; pushes water out of capillary into glomerular capsule

25
Q

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP)

A

HP due to BP in glomerular capillaries. high BP = high GHP
*drives filtrations

26
Q

Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CsHP)

A

HP that tries to push solutes back into the glomerular capillaries
*opposes filtration

27
Q

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)

A

pressure in blood created by proteins pulls water back into capillaries by osmosis
*opposes filtration

28
Q

Net Filtration Pressure

A

NFP = GHP - BCOP - CsHP
+ = yes filtration
- = no filtration

29
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

amount of filtrate produced by kidneys per minute
*higher BP/filtration means higher GFR

30
Q

How changes in afferent & efferent arterioles control BP in glomerulus & therefore GFR

A

AUTOREGULATION: (think bathtub)
If BP increases (GFR increases):
-Afferent arteriole constricts
-Efferent arteriole dilates
-Goal: decrease GFR
If BP decreases (GFR decreases):
-Afferent arteriole dilates
-Efferent arteriole constricts
-Goal: increase GFR

31
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

A

location:
component: macula densa & juxtaglomerular cells
secrete: rennin & EPO

32
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

renin is released in response to low BP (low GFR) & low filtrate concentration in DCT
-low BP -> low GRF -> release renin -> activation of angiotensin II -> increase in blood volume -> increase BP = increase GRF

33
Q

ANP

A

released in response to high BP (high GFR)
- high BP -> high GFR -> ANP release -> temporary increase in GFR -> more fluid loss -> less blood volume -> less blood volume -> lower BP = lower GFR

34
Q

Neural Stimulation

A

Low level of Sympathetic Stimulation: cause increase in GFR (stimulate RAAS)
High level of Sympathetic Stimulation: cause constriction of afferent arteriole & decrease GFR b/c blood diverted to other vital organs & also attempt to conserve water

35
Q

Renal Tubule & Parts

A

filtrate changes as it travels through tubule
Parts:
1. Proximal convoluted tubule
2. nephron loop (loop of Henle)
3. Distal convoluted tubule

36
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

A

some secretion, mostly reabsorption: 100% of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, water-soluble vitamins) 65 % of filtered water, large quantities of ions (Na+, K+, Cl-, PO4-, HCO3-)

37
Q

Nephron Loop

A

thin segment (descending): made of squamous epithelium, reabsorbs 20% of all water that was filtered
thick segment (ascending): made of cuboidal epithelium, reabsorbs ions (Na, Cl, Ca, Mg)

38
Q

Countercurrent Mechanism !!!

A

occurs in nephron loop: descending portion (thin limb) is permeable to water and impermeable to solutes. ascending portion (thick loop) is impermeable to water and permeable to Na and Cl. As it goes down the loop, concentration increases and most concentrated at turn of loop and less concentrated as it goes up. Called countercurrent b/c filtrate travels down in ascending and then up in descending (opposite direction). Multiplier because as more water gets reabsorbed, more concentrated filtrate becomes, making it easier for solutes to get pumped out. More Na Cl absorbed, more concentrated in medullary space which means more water gets pulled out.

39
Q

Medullary concentration gradient

A

concentration is higher in medulla b/c of NaCl & urea & that allows for water reabsorption

40
Q

DCT & collecting duct

A

secretion (K+, HCO3-, H+, Ammonium ions) & selective reabsorption (Na+, Ca2+, HCO3-, water, urea)

41
Q

Aldosterone

A

causes more Na reabsorption and K loss

42
Q

ADH

A

causes more water reabsorption by increasing # of aquaporins in membrane of DCT & collecting duct

43
Q

Urine

A

gets concentrated & its volume is reduced in collecting duct

44
Q

Obligatory water reabsorption vs Facultative water reabsorption

A

Obligatory:
-85% in PCT & loop
-through osmosis
Facultative:
-15%
-controlled by ADH in DCT & collecting duct
-requires aquaporins

45
Q

Urinary Tract

A

def: responsible for transport, storage, & elimination of urine
-ureter: slit-like opening prevent backflow
-bladder: rugae, detrusor muscle
-urethra: longer in male

46
Q

Micturition & Micturition Reflex

A

Micturition: urination
Micturition Reflex: coordinates urination

Anatomy (9 decks)

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