Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Exam 5 (Digestive System) > Flashcards

Exam 5 (Digestive System) Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

GI Tract

A

aka alimentary canal
def: muscular tube from oral to anus. includes oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Path of food from mouth to anus

A

oral cavity ->pharynx -> esophaus -> stomach -> pyloric sphincter -> duodenum -> jejunum -> ilium -> ileolcecal valve -> large intestine -> cecum -> ascending colon -> transverse colon -> descending colon -> sigmoid colon -> rectum -> anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Visceral Peritoneum vs Parietal Peritoneum

A

Visceral: aka serosa; covers organs
Parietal: lines inner surface of abdominal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Peritoneal Fluid

A

between visceral and parietal peritoneum; provides lubrication & reduces friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Functions of Digestive System!!!!!

A
  1. Ingestion: materials enter GI tract
  2. Propulsion: movement of ingested food along GI tract
  3. Mechanical chewing: chewing food
  4. Secretion: release of hormones, enzymes, acids, buffers, & salts by GI epithelium & glands
    5.Chemical Digestion: chemical breakdown of food by enzymes & acids
  5. Absorption: movement of nutrients across GI epithelium into blood & lymphatic vessel
  6. Defecation: excretion of indigestible materials & metabolic wastes via feces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mesenteries

A

sheet of visceral peritoneum that connect visceral & parietal peritoneum & stabilize & protect digestive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

keep stomach in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Greater Omentum

A

protects abdominal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mesentery Proper

A

stabilizes small intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Falciform Ligament

A

stabilizes liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mesocolon

A

stabilizes large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Layers of Digestive Tract

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis Externa (circular & longitudinal)
  4. Serosa (visceral peritoneum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mucosa

A

location: innermost layer
component: epithelium (thin layer around lumen), lamina propria (areolar connective tissue), muscularis mucosae (thin layer of smooth muscle in mucosa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Submucosa

A

def: made of dense connective tissue & contains vessels, nerves, and glans
*submucosa gland: secrete buffer & enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Muscularis Externa

A

def: two layers of smooth muscle: inner circular & outer longitudinal layers
*responsible for propulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Serosa

A

aka visceral peritoneum
def: simple squamous epithelium & lose connective tissue form outermost layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Peristalsis vs Segmentation

A

Peristalsis: muscle contraction that propel food forward
Segmentation: mechanical processing by mixing in intestine. No forward movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Local Factors that Affect Digestive Functions

A

Ex: pH, volume, or chemical composition of the intestinal contents.
Some of these local factors have a direct effect on local digestive activities: stretching of the intestinal wall can stimulate localized contractions of smooth muscles: histamine stimulates the secretion of acid in stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Short vs Long Reflex

A

Short: local neural control by enteric nervous system = regulates motility & secretion independently of CNS
Long: motility & secretions regulated by ANS- sympathetic inhibits & parasympathetic stimulates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Anatomy of Oral Cavity

A
  • lined w/ oral mucosa that’s highly vascularized
    -contains accessory organs: teeth, tongue & salivary glands (which turn ingested food into moist, chewed mass = bolus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Function of Oral Cavity

A

-Sensory analysis (tongue)
-Mechanical digestion (tongue & teeth)
-Lubrication by mucus & saliva (salivary glands)
-Initial chemical digestion of carbohydrates & lipids (salivary glands)
-NO ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Function of Tongue

A

-Mechanical processing: compression, abrasion & distortion
-Assist w/ chewing & swallowing
-Sensory analysis: taste, temp, touch
-Secrete lingual lipase: enzyme that digests triglycerides into glyceride & fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Types of Teeth

A

-Incisors (front teeth)
-Canines (vampire teeth)
-Premolars (after incisors before molar)
-Molar (back teeth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Function of Teeth

A

Mastication: mechanical digestion which increase overall surface area of food, allowing for better chemical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Components of Saliva
def: fluid containing water, electrolytes, enzyme, mucus, & other solutes (salivary amylase- enzyme digests starch into smaller sugars
26
Functions of Saliva
-Moisten & lubricate oral cavity & contents -Dissolve chemicals that stimulate taste receptors & provide sensory info -Initiate chemical digestion -Prevent bacterial growth
27
Types of Salivary Glands
1. Parotid Glands: 30% of saliva; location- by ears // secrete watery, serous cells w/ enzymes 2. Sublingual Glands: secrete least saliva; location- floor of mouth // mucous, lubricating saliva 3. Submandibular Glands: secrete most saliva; location- the mandible /// combination of other 2
28
Pharynx
shared passageway w/ respiratory system
29
Esophagus
uses muscle peristalsis to move bolus
30
Sphincters (2)
1. upper esophageal sphincter: entrance of esophagus; what opens to let food through by peristalsis contraction 2. gastroesophageal sphincter: end of esophagus; allow bolus to enter stomach & prevent acid to go into esophagus *function: prevent backflow
31
Phases of swallowing
1. Voluntary (Oral) Phase: food is mouth; tongue pushes bolus into oropharynx 2. Pharyngeal Phase: involuntary; bolus enters oropharynx; epiglottis seal off nasopharynx & larynx. Respiratory centers are inhibited by swallowing reflex 3. Esophageal Reflex: involuntary; food traveling down esophagus by peristaltic wave toward stomach
32
Stomach Anatomy
-lesser & greater curvature -regions: *cardia, fondus, body, pyloric -gastroesophageal (entrance) & pyloric sphincters (exit) toward small intestine -rugae: folds = allow stomach to expand
33
Function of Stomach
-Storage of food: rugae = expansion -Mechanical digestion: churning makes bolus into chyme (viscous acidic mix of partially digested food) -Chemical digestion -Produce of intrinsic factory (necessary for vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine) -NO ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS
34
Gastric Pits vs Gastric Glands
Gastric Pits: in-foldings of inner surface of stomach mucosa Gastric Glands: located below gastric pits, secrete hormones & gastric juice
35
Chief Cells
part of gastric glands secrete: inactive pepsinogen function: activated to pepsin by HCl in lumen
36
Parietal Cells
secrete: intrinsic factor & HCl
37
Goblet Cells & Mucous Neck Cells
secrete: mucus function: protects lining of stomach
38
G Cells
endocrine cells secrete: hormone gastric function: stimulate stomach secretions & contractions
39
Somatostatin
inhibits gastrin release = decrease stomach stimulation & gastric juices
40
Function of stomach pH
1. Kill microorganism 2. Digests plant cell walls & connective tissues in meat 3. Activate pepsinogen into pepsin 4. Optimal pH for digestive enzymes (acidic pH)
41
Phases of Gastric Activity
1. Cephalic Phase 2. Gastric Phase 3. Intestinal Phase
42
Cephalic Phase
role: stomach preparing for food 1. sight, smell, taste, or thought of food 2. gastrin secreted & somatostatin inhibited 3. results in increase stomach secretion head, thinking about food and preparing to eat, stomach starts preparing by secreting gastric juice & churning, begin salivating
43
Gastric Phase
role: bolus enters stomach & stretches it 1. increase gastrin 2. if pH drops too much = somatostatin is released food enters stomach, stomach stretches, increase secretion & motilitiy.
44
Intestinal Phase
role: chyme enters small intestine 1. duodenum increases mucus to protect from acid in chyme 2. secretes gastrin if presence of incompletely digested proteins 3. secretin, CCK, GIP released to inhibit gastric secretion & stimulate pancreatic juice food enters small intestine, food released slowly
45
Parts of Small Intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
46
Small Intestine
folds increase surface area for absorption. Large to small: plicae, villi, microvilli
47
Why does duodenum have mucous glands?
neutralize acid & mix chyme w/ secretion from pancreas & liver/gallbladder
48
Function of Small Intestine
-propel food forward by peristalsis & segmentation -completion of chemical digestion by pancreatic & intestinal brush border enzymes & bile from liver *most absorption takes place in small intestine
49
Brush Border
formed by microvilli on surface of epithelial cells release enzymes: -lactase = digest lactose -maltase = digest maltose -sucrase = digest sucrose release enzymes that activate inactive enzymes from pancreas
50
Exocrine Cells
in Pancreas -secrete: pancreatic juice -where: into small intestine
51
Pancreatic juice
mixture of ensymes & buffers ph 7.5-8.8 why: netrualize acid in chyme
52
Liver Lobules
-hexagonal lobules: center has middle vein and vessels in corners -sinusoids: lead toward middle vein -hepatocytes: main liver cells -kupffer cells: liver immune cells
53
Function of Liver!!! (know 5)
1. Bile production 2. Nutrient Metabolism 3. Detoxification 4. Excretion 5. Phagocytosis & Antigen Presentation 6. Synthesis of plasma proteins 7. Absorption & recycling of old hormones & antibodies
54
Types of Lipoproteins!!!!
-Chylomicrons: contain dietary lipids (lipds from diet) / made in digestive tract and go to liver -VLDLs: made by liver and go to tissues / contain cholesterol & lipids -LDLs: made by liver and go to tissues/ contain mostly cholesterol -HDLs: made by tissue cells and go to liver / contain cholesterol
55
Bile Contents & Functions
Contents: water, (lipids) cholesterol, bile salts, bile waste Function: emulsifies lipids: breaks lipids into smaller droplets = easier to mix w/ water = enzymes have better access allow for excretion of toxic waste
56
Large Intestine Anatomy
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
57
ileolcecal valve
between ilium (last portion of small intestine) and cecum (beginning portion of large intestine)
58
haustra & taeniae coli
haustra: pouches in surface of large intestine taeniae coli: structure that creates haustra
59
veniform appendix & anal sphincter
veniform: lymphoid organ protruding from cecum internal involuntary and external voluntary sphincters
60
Function of Large Instestine:
-absorb water, electrolytes, bicarbonate & bile salts -absorb vitamins generated by bacteria -bacteria inside break down undigested materials -produce & store fecal material
61
Digestion & absorption of carbs, proteins, & lipids
Carbs: large polysaccharides to disaccharides and monosaccharides and absorb into surface of small intestine into BLOOD capillaries Proteins: broken into amino acids and absorbed into surface of small intestine into BLOOD capillaries Lipids: broken into fatty acids and absorbed into small intestine into LYMPHATIC capillaries
62
gallbladder
where bile is stored and concentrated. gallstone= overly concentrated bile
63

Anatomy (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions