Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Exam 5 (Digestive System) > Flashcards

Exam 5 (Digestive System) Flashcards

1
Q

GI Tract

A

aka alimentary canal
def: muscular tube from oral to anus. includes oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Path of food from mouth to anus

A

oral cavity ->pharynx -> esophaus -> stomach -> pyloric sphincter -> duodenum -> jejunum -> ilium -> ileolcecal valve -> large intestine -> cecum -> ascending colon -> transverse colon -> descending colon -> sigmoid colon -> rectum -> anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Visceral Peritoneum vs Parietal Peritoneum

A

Visceral: aka serosa; covers organs
Parietal: lines inner surface of abdominal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Peritoneal Fluid

A

between visceral and parietal peritoneum; provides lubrication & reduces friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Functions of Digestive System!!!!!

A
  1. Ingestion: materials enter GI tract
  2. Propulsion: movement of ingested food along GI tract
  3. Mechanical chewing: chewing food
  4. Secretion: release of hormones, enzymes, acids, buffers, & salts by GI epithelium & glands
    5.Chemical Digestion: chemical breakdown of food by enzymes & acids
  5. Absorption: movement of nutrients across GI epithelium into blood & lymphatic vessel
  6. Defecation: excretion of indigestible materials & metabolic wastes via feces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mesenteries

A

sheet of visceral peritoneum that connect visceral & parietal peritoneum & stabilize & protect digestive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

keep stomach in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Greater Omentum

A

protects abdominal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mesentery Proper

A

stabilizes small intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Falciform Ligament

A

stabilizes liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mesocolon

A

stabilizes large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Layers of Digestive Tract

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis Externa (circular & longitudinal)
  4. Serosa (visceral peritoneum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mucosa

A

location: innermost layer
component: epithelium (thin layer around lumen), lamina propria (areolar connective tissue), muscularis mucosae (thin layer of smooth muscle in mucosa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Submucosa

A

def: made of dense connective tissue & contains vessels, nerves, and glans
*submucosa gland: secrete buffer & enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Muscularis Externa

A

def: two layers of smooth muscle: inner circular & outer longitudinal layers
*responsible for propulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Serosa

A

aka visceral peritoneum
def: simple squamous epithelium & lose connective tissue form outermost layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Peristalsis vs Segmentation

A

Peristalsis: muscle contraction that propel food forward
Segmentation: mechanical processing by mixing in intestine. No forward movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Local Factors that Affect Digestive Functions

A

Ex: pH, volume, or chemical composition of the intestinal contents.
Some of these local factors have a direct effect on local digestive activities: stretching of the intestinal wall can stimulate localized contractions of smooth muscles: histamine stimulates the secretion of acid in stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Short vs Long Reflex

A

Short: local neural control by enteric nervous system = regulates motility & secretion independently of CNS
Long: motility & secretions regulated by ANS- sympathetic inhibits & parasympathetic stimulates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Anatomy of Oral Cavity

A
  • lined w/ oral mucosa that’s highly vascularized
    -contains accessory organs: teeth, tongue & salivary glands (which turn ingested food into moist, chewed mass = bolus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Function of Oral Cavity

A

-Sensory analysis (tongue)
-Mechanical digestion (tongue & teeth)
-Lubrication by mucus & saliva (salivary glands)
-Initial chemical digestion of carbohydrates & lipids (salivary glands)
-NO ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Function of Tongue

A

-Mechanical processing: compression, abrasion & distortion
-Assist w/ chewing & swallowing
-Sensory analysis: taste, temp, touch
-Secrete lingual lipase: enzyme that digests triglycerides into glyceride & fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Types of Teeth

A

-Incisors (front teeth)
-Canines (vampire teeth)
-Premolars (after incisors before molar)
-Molar (back teeth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Function of Teeth

A

Mastication: mechanical digestion which increase overall surface area of food, allowing for better chemical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Components of Saliva

A

def: fluid containing water, electrolytes, enzyme, mucus, & other solutes (salivary amylase- enzyme digests starch into smaller sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Functions of Saliva

A

-Moisten & lubricate oral cavity & contents
-Dissolve chemicals that stimulate taste receptors & provide sensory info
-Initiate chemical digestion
-Prevent bacterial growth

27
Q

Types of Salivary Glands

A
  1. Parotid Glands: 30% of saliva; location- by ears // secrete watery, serous cells w/ enzymes
  2. Sublingual Glands: secrete least saliva; location- floor of mouth // mucous, lubricating saliva
  3. Submandibular Glands: secrete most saliva; location- the mandible /// combination of other 2
28
Q

Pharynx

A

shared passageway w/ respiratory system

29
Q

Esophagus

A

uses muscle peristalsis to move bolus

30
Q

Sphincters (2)

A
  1. upper esophageal sphincter: entrance of esophagus; what opens to let food through by peristalsis contraction
  2. gastroesophageal sphincter: end of esophagus; allow bolus to enter stomach & prevent acid to go into esophagus
    *function: prevent backflow
31
Q

Phases of swallowing

A
  1. Voluntary (Oral) Phase: food is mouth; tongue pushes bolus into oropharynx
  2. Pharyngeal Phase: involuntary; bolus enters oropharynx; epiglottis seal off nasopharynx & larynx. Respiratory centers are inhibited by swallowing reflex
  3. Esophageal Reflex: involuntary; food traveling down esophagus by peristaltic wave toward stomach
32
Q

Stomach Anatomy

A

-lesser & greater curvature
-regions:
*cardia, fondus, body, pyloric
-gastroesophageal (entrance) & pyloric sphincters (exit) toward small intestine
-rugae: folds = allow stomach to expand

33
Q

Function of Stomach

A

-Storage of food: rugae = expansion
-Mechanical digestion: churning makes bolus into chyme (viscous acidic mix of partially digested food)
-Chemical digestion
-Produce of intrinsic factory (necessary for vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine)
-NO ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS

34
Q

Gastric Pits vs Gastric Glands

A

Gastric Pits: in-foldings of inner surface of stomach mucosa
Gastric Glands: located below gastric pits, secrete hormones & gastric juice

35
Q

Chief Cells

A

part of gastric glands
secrete: inactive pepsinogen
function: activated to pepsin by HCl in lumen

36
Q

Parietal Cells

A

secrete: intrinsic factor & HCl

37
Q

Goblet Cells & Mucous Neck Cells

A

secrete: mucus
function: protects lining of stomach

38
Q

G Cells

A

endocrine cells
secrete: hormone gastric
function: stimulate stomach secretions & contractions

39
Q

Somatostatin

A

inhibits gastrin release = decrease stomach stimulation & gastric juices

40
Q

Function of stomach pH

A
  1. Kill microorganism
  2. Digests plant cell walls & connective tissues in meat
  3. Activate pepsinogen into pepsin
  4. Optimal pH for digestive enzymes (acidic pH)
41
Q

Phases of Gastric Activity

A
  1. Cephalic Phase
  2. Gastric Phase
  3. Intestinal Phase
42
Q

Cephalic Phase

A

role: stomach preparing for food
1. sight, smell, taste, or thought of food
2. gastrin secreted & somatostatin inhibited
3. results in increase stomach secretion

head, thinking about food and preparing to eat, stomach starts preparing by secreting gastric juice & churning, begin salivating

43
Q

Gastric Phase

A

role: bolus enters stomach & stretches it
1. increase gastrin
2. if pH drops too much = somatostatin is released

food enters stomach, stomach stretches, increase secretion & motilitiy.

44
Q

Intestinal Phase

A

role: chyme enters small intestine
1. duodenum increases mucus to protect from acid in chyme
2. secretes gastrin if presence of incompletely digested proteins
3. secretin, CCK, GIP released to inhibit gastric secretion & stimulate pancreatic juice

food enters small intestine, food released slowly

45
Q

Parts of Small Intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

46
Q

Small Intestine

A

folds increase surface area for absorption. Large to small: plicae, villi, microvilli

47
Q

Why does duodenum have mucous glands?

A

neutralize acid & mix chyme w/ secretion from pancreas & liver/gallbladder

48
Q

Function of Small Intestine

A

-propel food forward by peristalsis & segmentation
-completion of chemical digestion by pancreatic & intestinal brush border enzymes & bile from liver
*most absorption takes place in small intestine

49
Q

Brush Border

A

formed by microvilli on surface of epithelial cells
release enzymes:
-lactase = digest lactose
-maltase = digest maltose
-sucrase = digest sucrose
release enzymes that activate inactive enzymes from pancreas

50
Q

Exocrine Cells

A

in Pancreas
-secrete: pancreatic juice
-where: into small intestine

51
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

mixture of ensymes & buffers
ph 7.5-8.8
why: netrualize acid in chyme

52
Q

Liver Lobules

A

-hexagonal lobules: center has middle vein and vessels in corners
-sinusoids: lead toward middle vein
-hepatocytes: main liver cells
-kupffer cells: liver immune cells

53
Q

Function of Liver!!! (know 5)

A
  1. Bile production
  2. Nutrient Metabolism
  3. Detoxification
  4. Excretion
  5. Phagocytosis & Antigen Presentation
  6. Synthesis of plasma proteins
  7. Absorption & recycling of old hormones & antibodies
54
Q

Types of Lipoproteins!!!!

A

-Chylomicrons: contain dietary lipids (lipds from diet) / made in digestive tract and go to liver
-VLDLs: made by liver and go to tissues / contain cholesterol & lipids
-LDLs: made by liver and go to tissues/ contain mostly cholesterol
-HDLs: made by tissue cells and go to liver / contain cholesterol

55
Q

Bile Contents & Functions

A

Contents: water, (lipids) cholesterol, bile salts, bile waste
Function: emulsifies lipids: breaks lipids into smaller droplets = easier to mix w/ water = enzymes have better access
allow for excretion of toxic waste

56
Q

Large Intestine Anatomy

A

Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

57
Q

ileolcecal valve

A

between ilium (last portion of small intestine) and cecum (beginning portion of large intestine)

58
Q

haustra & taeniae coli

A

haustra: pouches in surface of large intestine
taeniae coli: structure that creates haustra

59
Q

veniform appendix & anal sphincter

A

veniform: lymphoid organ protruding from cecum
internal involuntary and external voluntary sphincters

60
Q

Function of Large Instestine:

A

-absorb water, electrolytes, bicarbonate & bile salts
-absorb vitamins generated by bacteria
-bacteria inside break down undigested materials
-produce & store fecal material

61
Q

Digestion & absorption of carbs, proteins, & lipids

A

Carbs: large polysaccharides to disaccharides and monosaccharides and absorb into surface of small intestine into BLOOD capillaries
Proteins: broken into amino acids and absorbed into surface of small intestine into BLOOD capillaries
Lipids: broken into fatty acids and absorbed into small intestine into LYMPHATIC capillaries

62
Q

gallbladder

A

where bile is stored and concentrated.
gallstone= overly concentrated bile

63
Q
A

Anatomy (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions