mass/ molar mass or mol = concentration (volume)

Exam 4: Vocab and def Flashcards by Andrea Nichols

sigma (σ)

end-to-end orbital overlap

when sp2 hybrid orbitals on the C atoms overlap

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pi (π)

side-by-side p orbital overlap

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combustion eq

____+ O2 –> H2O + CO2

*CO2 ALWAYS has to end up on right side

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limiting reactant

smallest amount of substance that wont allow you to make more reactant

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solutes

smaller amount of cmpound

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solvent

larger amount of compound

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M1(V1)= M2(V2)

M = concentration
V=volume

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Molarity
(concentration)

Mol/ Liters (volume)

MoLarity

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mass eq

Mass= Mol x molar mass

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mol eq

mass/ molar mass

mol = concentration (volume)

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Alkaline

Produces OH^-

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Acid

produces H^+

strong acids fully dissolve in water

weak acids partially dissolve in water

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heteronuclear diatomic molecules

2 diff atoms are IR active

CAN absourb IR

EX: CH4

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infared absorption

Gases that absorb IR radiation act as greenhouse gases

2 diff atoms or more han 2 atoms absorb IR radiaion

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diatomic homonuclear molecules

2 IDENICAL atoms CANT absorb IR radiation
ex: Ar or O2

aomic species (noble gases) are IR-INactive

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Vocab for eq

___ + ____ —> _____ + ____
Reactants or product?

(s) = ?
(l) = ?
(g) = ?
(aq) = ?

left of arrow is reactants
right of arrow is product

(s) = solid
(l) = liquid
(g) = gas
(aq) = aqueous (dissolves in water)

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Diatomic elements (2 atoms)

H2(g)
N2(g)
O2 (g)
F2(g)
Cl2(g)
Br2(l)
I2 (s)

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Combustion reactants (3 types)

combustion : a substance burns in the presence of oxygen

combination: two or more reactants COMBINE to form a single product

decomposition: two or more products form FROM a single reactant

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theoretical yield

calculated amount of product that could form (max)

1) Calculate how much product you could get from each reactant
(separately) and compare those amounts.

2) The smallest amount of possible product is the theoretical yield,
and the amount depends on the limiting reactant.

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actual yield

measured amount of product actually obtained

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Ionic bonds

Maal and non-metal dissolve in water

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enthalpy

another way to measure heat change

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ENDOthermic

absorbs heat

EX: water getting warmer

heat flows inot system from surrounding
surrounding lose heat

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EXOthermic

Closed heat

EX: buring log

heat flows out of system to surroundings

makes syrrounding hotter

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precipitation

2 liquids produce solid not soluable = will precipaiate

spectator ions

ions is in smale form in both sides of chem reaction , no change

Acid + Alkaline

Produce water and salt both neutralize each other

system, surrounding, and universe

System: part of the universe of specific interest (system is the substances involved in a chemical or physical change) Surroundings: the rest of the universe Universe = System + Surroundings

Thermochemistry

study of heat in chem reactions

Thermla energy

energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules

Temp

how hot/cold something is C* or K Avg kenetic energy

Heat

Transfer of thermal energy J, cal, Cal (nutrition) heat is absorbed or released during process

thermodynamics

the study of the interconversion of heat and other kinds of energy

system

the substances involved in a chemical or physical change (the reactants and products) defined as the substances involved in a chemical or physical change EX: H2O(s) --> H2O(l) system ; ice, liquid water surroundings: everything else EX: reactants occuring in soluton system: reactants and products Surroundings: everything else , solvent (water)

state functions

properties that are determined by the state of the system, regardless of how that condition was achieved

Internal energy (U)

sum of all kinetic & potential energy ΔU is the change in the internal energy

q=smΔT

q= heat s= specific heat (ex. .240 j/g) m= mass ΔT= change in temp (75-20=55) EX: (250g)(,240)(55)

ΔU = q+ w

q= heat w= work (work is + when done on syatem, - when done by system) EX: Heat absorbed by the system (endothermic process) q is positive Heat released by the system (exothermic process) q is negative Work done on the system by the surroundings (e.g., a volume decrease) w is positive Work done by the system on the surroundings (e.g., a volume increase) Ex: producing a gas, which expands w is negative The internal energy of a system can decrease (ΔU < 0) if it loses heat (q < 0) or if it does work on the surroundings (w < 0) Heat and Work: signs

net ionic equation

what changes into solid (liquid to solid or solid to liquid)

Hybridization with multiple bonds

single bond; 1 sigma bond double bond: 1 sigma + 1 pi tripple bond: 1 sigma + 2 pi

sigma bond

Direct, end-to-end overlap of orbitals in axis between nuclei

pi bond

Sideways overlap of unhybridized p orbitals

greenhouse gas

IR active NOT a greenhouse gass : O2 cause its homo diatomic = not IRactive

electrolytes

strong acids / bases has ions (neg and pos charge)

covalent bond

covalent = non metal + non metal

ΔT

energy/ (specific heat)(mass)

need more solute than solvent in solution

solution

A pi bond is formed by the...

side-by-side overlap of unhybridized p orbitals

Which of the following statements about greenhouse gases is false

Ar, O2, and N2 are greenhouse gases because they have London dispersion forces

Which of the following processes has contributed the most to the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration in recent years?

combustion of fossil fuels

A reaction gives off heat and produces a gas. What is the sign of the ∆H of this reaction?

neg

Which of the following processes has contributed the most to the increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentration in recent years?

combustion of fossil fuels

Why are H 2 O and CO 2 greenhouse gases, but N 2 and O 2 are not

H 2 O and CO 2 can undergo asymmetrical molecular vibrations by absorbing IR radiation, whereas N 2 and O 2 cannot

Fill in the blanks. Burning wood _________ heat; this is an ________ process

releases exothermic

When studying the thermochemistry of a particular reaction, we define the system as

the reactants and products of the reaction

A pi bond is formed by the _______ overlap of _______ orbitals.

side-by-side unhybridized p

An exothermic reaction causes the surroundings to

warm up

Greenhouse gases including ________ increase global temperatures because they absorb ____ light

CO2 and CH4 IR

If you add a spoonful of table salt to a pot of water before cooking noodles, you’ve prepared a _____ with water as the _____ and salt as the ____

solution solvent solute

A sample of water is being studied. It sits in an open beaker on a lab bench. Which of the following is true?

Both A and B are true

Exam 4: Vocab and def Flashcards

(60 cards)