Exam 5 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
amsler grid
A
test used to diagnose vision problems (especially macular degeneration)
2
Q
distant visual acuity - CNII - pt should be 20 feet away
A
snellen chart
3
Q
hold handheld vision card ___ away
A
14 in
4
Q
face pt 2 feet away - cover one eye - test when they can see your hands with peripheral vision
A
confrontation test
5
Q
shine light 12 inches away - reflection of light on corneas should be in same spot on each eye - if asymmetric, may indicate muscle weakness/paralysis on one eye
A
corneal light reflex (Hirschberg)
6
Q
test color vision
A
ishari plates
7
Q
position for examining lacrimal apparatus
A
supine
8
Q
fog/dark spot in center of vision - loss of central vision
A
macular degeneration
9
Q
halos around lights
A
glaucoma
10
Q
floaters located in…
A
vitreous humor
11
Q
drooping eyelids
A
ptosis
12
Q
eyelashes turn inward/inverted
A
entropion
13
Q
eyelashes turn outward
A
ectropion
14
Q
swelling of optic nerve
A
papilledema
15
Q
inflammation of eyelids, typically Staph infection
A
blespharitis
16
Q
pinkeye
A
conjunctivitis
17
Q
inflammation of episcleral layer
A
diffuse episcleritis
18
Q
styes (2)
A
hordeolum & chalazion
19
Q
pinkish triangle growing in eye - grows toward inner canthus from the outer
A
pterygium
20
Q
lens becomes opaque
A
cataract
21
Q
pupil constriction
A
miosis
22
Q
pupil dilation
A
midriasis
23
Q
one pupil dilated, the other constricted
one reacts to light more
A
anisocoricas
Adie pupils
24
Q
muscle wasting in eye
A
optic atrophy
25
misalignment of eyes
strabismus
26
one eye points inward
esotropia
27
one eye points outward
exotropia
28
subconjunctival hemorrhage caused by…
caused by any strain (vomiting, lifting something, sneezing etc)
29
electronic impulse sent to brain from inner ear
peripheral hearing
30
sound is identified in the…
brain stem
31
interprets sound
cerebral cortex
32
ear discharge
otorrhea
33
ear pain
otalgia
34
inner ear disorder - tinnitus; nerve deafness; vertigo (Romberg test)
Meniere's disease
35
blockage; otosclerosis (inherited bone disorder, irregular stapes - causes tinnitus); otitis (infection)
conductive impairment
36
problem with inner ear, CNVIII, or cerebral cortex
sensorineural impairment
37
presbycusis is a ____ type of deafness
sensorineural
38
r/f for hearing loss
* Medications causing ototoxicity - antibiotics, cancer meds, NSAIDS, etc
* Exposure to loud sounds
* Infection - syphilis, rubella
39
4 quadrants of breast
40
most likely location for breast cancer
tail of spence
41
3 types of breast tissue
* glandular tissue - radiates from nipples
* fibrous tissue - from surface of breast - attaches breast to chest wall
* adipost tissue - fatty portion embedded into different lobes
42
4 major lymph nodes around breast
* lateral (brachial) - drains the system
* central (midaxillary)
* anterior (pectoral)
* posterior (subscapular)
43
orange peel appearance around hair follicles of breast
peau d'orange
44
ask patients suspecting breast cancer if…
sx change during menstrual cycle
45
r/f for breast cancer
* **menarche at early age (before 12yo)**
* **late menopause (after 52yo)**
* family hx of **gynecomastia**
* family hx of breast cancer
* **pregnancy after 30yo**
* **never being pregnant**
* hx of **mastitis**
* **not** **breastfeeding**
* exposure to **radiation, benzene, asbestos**
* hormones, contraceptives, antipsychotic meds
* alcohol & tobacco consumption
46
3 breast cancer related genes
* _BRCA1_ - breast cancer gene 1
* _BRCA2_- breast cancer gene 2
* _HER2_ - important to breast cancer growth
47
what to teach pts about breast cancer screening
* **monthly** breast self-exams important - i**n the shower, in front of the mirror** - **5-7 days after menstruation**
* yearly professional screening at **40-44yo**
* **mammograms**
48
positioning for breast exam
* have pt sit up straight, expose both breasts
* arms up, hands on hips, clasp hands in front of stomach
* have pts with large breasts lean forward
49
3 patterns of breast exam
zigzag; circular/concentric; radial
50
nipple exam
* supine position with pillow beneath shoulders, arms raised above head
* express for discharge (milk normal during pregnancy & lactation)
51
benign growth of breast tissue in males
gynecomastia
52
males at risk for gynecomastia
males **13-14yo**
older males (**reduced testosterone**)
**Cushing’s** syndrome
cirrhosis
hypothyroidism
excessive alcohol & marijuana use
medications **(spironolactone, Flagyl)**
53
usually unilateral - nipple retracts & disappears
paget disease
54
forms vas deferens
spermatic cord
55
pathway of vas deferens
originates in testicles, runs deep into inguinal ring, around bladder to seminal vesicle - empties into urethra during sex
56
do not pass through inguinal canal
femoral artery
epididymus
57
continuation of abd wall - contains testes
scrotal sac
58
how temp affects scrotal sac
* cold causes cremaster muscles to contract, raising testicles closer to body - must maintain certain temperature for sperm to survive
* hot causes cremaster muscles to relax
59
coiled duct system on posterior surface of testes - storage site of sperm
epididymus
60
r/f for prostate cancer
african americans
61
r/f for penile cancer
HPV
62
teaching pts about testicular self exams
monthly, starting age 13
in shower or in front of mirror
63
measures size of genitalia, breasts as pt matures
Tanner staging (1-5)
64
5 Ps to ask about STIs
* sexual partners
* practices
* protection during sex
* history of past STIs
* preventive measures used
65
r/f for HIV
* unprotected sex
* anal sex
* having another STI
* IV drug use, needle sharing
* uncircumcised
* fetus of HIV + mother
* exchange of blood/bodily fluid
66
effects of aging on vitals
BP rises
RR rises (12-24 norm)
pulse remains same
67
effects of aging on integ
* wrinkles
* skin becomes drier - hormonal changes
* loss of collagen
* epidermis regenerates every 30 days (rather than 20)
* hair becomes more coarse, thin
68
effects of aging on head & neck
* sensory changes - presbyopia (begins around age 42), presbycusis (usually sensorineural)
* look for precancerous lesions in mouth
* mouth dryness
* dental caries, dentures
69
effects of aging on thorax
* lungs - changes in gas exchange
* heart & vessels - sclerotic changes in cardiac muscle - CO declines in 35% of people \>40yo
* kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis
70
effects of aging on peripheral vascular & lymphatic
* atherosclerosis
* narrowing of peripheral vessels - resistance to bloodflow
* HTN
* decreased immune function
71
#1 presenting condition for older adults
falls
72
intrinsic fall risks
gait & balance changes; taking multiple medications increases risk; cognitive changes such as confusion, disorientation (UTI, etc)
73
extrinsic fall risks
rugs; poor lighting; equipment (O2, etc); shoes; unfamiliar setting
74
used to assess fall risk
Morse scale
75
common neuro problem for older adults
depression
76
arcus senilis
77
anisocoria
78
lazy eye
amblyopia
79
blepharitis
80
coloboma
81
entropion
82
ectropion
83
bleeding in eye
hyphema
84
strabismus
85
ptosis
86
noncancerous growth in conjunctiva
pterygium
87
Xanthelasma
88
lacrimal gland
89
amsler grid
90
CNII function
vision
91
CNIII function
eye movement—medial, up, down & out
eyelid movement
pupillary light reflex
92
CNIV function
eye movement—down & in
93
CNVI function
eye movement—lateral
94
swimmer's ear
otitis externa
95
a skin-lined cyst that begins at the margin of the eardrum and invades the middle ear and mastoid
Cholesteatoma
96
otitis media
97
serious bacterial infection that affects the bone behind the ear
mastoiditis
98
malleus, incus, stapes
99
Weber test
100
Rinne test
101
population?
cutaneous horn
older adults
102
cherry angiomas
103
“sun spots”
solar lentigo
104
actinic keratosis
105
cutaneous tags
106
Paget disease
107
region
tail of spence
108
pink part
cooper ligaments
109
combination of milk glands and sebaceous glands.
Mongtomery glands
110
beginning of adult breast development
thelarche
111
inflammation of breast, usually affecting breastfeeding women
mastitis
112
carry milk from mammary lobe to nipple pore
lactiferous ducts
113
painful menstruation
dysmenorrhea
114
peau d'orange
115
supernummary nipple
116
milk lines (ventral epidermal ridges)
precursors to mammary glands and nipples in embryo development
117
diagnosis of menopause
12 months after last period
118
introitus
vaginal opening
119
cystocele
120
rectocele
121
hypospadias
122
epispadias
123
fluid in scrotal sac around testicle
hydrocele
124
normal PSA
1-1.5
125
strangulated hernia
126
varicocele
127
incarcerated hernia leads to..
strangulation (↓ blood supply)
128
seborrheic keratosis
129
foreskin too tight to be pulled back
phimosis
130
gap between eyelids
palpebral fissure
131
punctum is part of…
lacrimal apparatus
