Exam 5 Flashcards
(27 cards)
What are the stages of cancer development?
Initiation, Promotion, Progression
Are benign tumors usually encapsulated?
Yes, benign tumors are usually encapsulated.
Are malignant tumors usually encapsulated?
No, malignant tumors are rarely encapsulated.
How are benign tumors differentiated?
Benign tumors are normally well differentiated.
How are malignant tumors differentiated?
Malignant tumors are poorly differentiated.
Can benign tumors metastasize?
No, benign tumors do not metastasize.
Can malignant tumors metastasize?
Yes, malignant tumors are capable of metastasis.
Is recurrence common in benign tumors?
No, recurrence is rare in benign tumors.
Is recurrence common in malignant tumors?
Yes, recurrence is possible in malignant tumors.
What is the vascularity of benign tumors like?
Benign tumors have slight vascularity.
What is the vascularity of malignant tumors like?
Malignant tumors have moderate to marked vascularity.
What is the mode of growth in benign tumors?
Benign tumors grow expansively.
What is the mode of growth in malignant tumors?
Malignant tumors grow infiltratively and expansively.
What are the cell characteristics of benign tumors?
Cells are fairly normal and resemble parent cells.
What are the cell characteristics of malignant tumors?
Cells are abnormal and become more unlike the parent cells.
What lifestyle habits can help reduce the risk of developing cancer?
Limit alcohol use
Get regular physical activity (e.g., ≥30 min of moderate activity 5x/week)
Maintain a normal weight
Eat a balanced diet with vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and fiber
Reduce dietary fat and preservatives
Limit smoked and salt-cured meats with high nitrite concentrations
Avoid cigarette smoking and tobacco use
Get adequate rest (6–8 hours per night)
Use sunscreen with SPF 15 or higher
Avoid tanning beds
Manage stress by eliminating, reducing, or reframing stressors and improving coping ability
What medical actions support early detection of cancer?
Have regular physical examinations
Obtain regular colorectal screenings
Get regular mammography and Pap tests
Be familiar with your personal and family history of cancer and risk factors
What are the 7 warning signs of cancer?
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge from any body orifice
Thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
What are the acute toxicity effects of chemotherapy and when do they begin?
Acute toxicity occurs during and right after drug administration. It includes anaphylactic and hypersensitivity reactions, extravasation or flare reactions, anticipatory nausea and vomiting, and dysrhythmias.
What are delayed effects of chemotherapy?
Delayed nausea and vomiting, mucositis, alopecia, skin rashes, bone marrow suppression, altered bowel function (diarrhea, constipation), and various cumulative neurotoxicities.
Chronic toxicities - damage to organs, such as the heart, liver, kidneys, and lungs.
Is a patient receiving external beam radiation (teletherapy) considered radioactive?
No, a patient receiving external beam radiation therapy is nevery radioactive.
What are the sources of radiation for brachytherapy (internal radiation)?
Sources of radiation for brachytherapy include temporary sealed sources and permanent sealed sources, which are both implants, and radioactive drugs, or radiopharmaceuticals, that are given PO (capsules or liquids), and IVs
What is the nadir and when does it occur?
The nadir is when patients have the lowest blood cell counts and it occurs between 7 and 10 days after starting chemotherapy or radiation.
What are examples of long-term/late effects of radiation?
Late effects of radiation include skin talangiectasis (spider veins) to strictures, fistulas, radiation necrosis, lymphedema.
