Exam 5 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
scalp layers
A
- skin
- connective tissue
- aponeurosis
- loose connective tissue
- pericranium
2
Q
scalp muscles attach to:
A
aponeurosis on either end
- frontalis
- occipitalis
3
Q
CN V
A
- trigeminal
1. opthalmic
2. maxillary
3. mandibular
4
Q
scalp is innervated by:
A
-trigeminal nerve Dorsal rami: -suboccipital C1 -greater occipital C2 -least occipital C3 Ventral rami: -no named/direct branch -lesser occipital C2/3 -great auricular and transverse cervical C2/3
5
Q
trigeminal neuralgia
A
- compression of trigeminal nerve root
- hyperexcitability over select trigger zones (face, lips, tongue)
- sharp electric shock for few seconds to minutes
6
Q
which scalp layer is vasculature located in:
A
connective tissue; layer 2
7
Q
danger area for scalp infections
A
- layer 4; loose connective tissue
- passes easily into cranial cavity via veins
8
Q
nerve supply of dura mater
A
*CN V all branches of trigeminal
-CN XII hypoglossal
-CN X vagus
*C1-C3 dorsal rami
C1-C2 ventral rami
9
Q
blood supply to dura mater
A
middle menigeal artery
-arises from maxillary artery which arises from external carotid a.
10
Q
sub-arachnoid space contains:
A
- CSF
- cerebral vasculature
11
Q
falx cerebrum
A
- separates cerebral hemispheres
- attached anteriorly to cristae galli and fused posteriorly with horizontal dural fold (tentorium cerebelli)
12
Q
falx cerebelli
A
seperates cerebellar hemispheres
13
Q
occipital sinus lies in:
A
attached margin of falx cerebelli
14
Q
straight sinus lies:
A
at the fusion of falx cerebrum and tentorium cerebelli
15
Q
inferior sagittal sinus lies
A
in the free edge of the falx cerebrum
16
Q
superior sagittal sinus lies
A
in attached margin of falx cerebrum
17
Q
tentorium cerebelli
A
-forms horizontal shelf that supports overlying cerebral hemispheres from crushing underlying cerebellar hemispheres
18
Q
left and right transverse sinuses lie:
A
in the attached edges of the tentorium cerebelli
19
Q
diaphragma sellae
A
- dural fold stretched across the sella turcica
- attached to anterior and posterior clinoid processes
20
Q
functions of CSF
A
- buoyance
- protection
- chemical stability
- prevent brain ischemia
21
Q
CSF is made of
A
plasma
protein
glucose
22
Q
lateral ventricles connect to the 3rd ventricle by
A
foramen of monro
23
Q
structures that go through the optic canal:
A
- optic nerve
2. opthalmic artery
24
Q
structures that go through the superior orbital fissure
A
- superior ophthalmic vein
- lacrimal nerve
- frontal nerve
4 trochlear nerve
5 abducens nerve - oculomotor nerve
- nasociliary nerve
25
structures that go through the foramen rotundum
maxillary nerve CN V (2)
26
structures that go through the foramen ovale
1. mandibular nerve (CN V-3)
| 2. lesser petrosal nerve
27
structures that go through the carotid canal
1. internal carotid artery
| 2. internal carotoid sympathetic plexus
28
structures that go through the foramen spinosum
1. middle meningeal artery
| 2. meningeal branch of CN V mandibular nerve branch
29
structures that go through the internal acoustic meatus
1. vestibulocochlear nerve
2. facial nerve
3. labyrinthine artery and vein
30
structures that go through the jugular foramen
1. internal jugular vein
2. glossopharyngeal nerve
3. vagus nerve
4. accessory nerve
5. inferior petrosal sinus
6. posterior meningeal artery
31
structures that go through the foramen magnum
1. spinal vein
2. anterior spinal artery
3. posterior spinal artery
4. spinal cord
5. accessory nerve
6. vertebral artery
32
structures that go through the mastoid foramen
emissary vein
33
structures that go through the stylomastoid foramen
1. facial nerve
| 2. stylomastoid artery
34
epidural hematoma
-middle menigeal artery
| -
35
subdural hematoma
- bridging veins
| - between meningeal dura and arachnoid mater
36
most deadly hematoma
subdural hematoma
| 60-80% fatal
37
subarachnoid hematoma
- anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries
| - in subarachnoid space rupture
38
two main sources of blood to the brain
- vertebral artery
- internal carotid artery
- external carotid artery
39
CSF flow
1. secreted by choroid plexus
2. lateral ventrical
3. interventricular foramen of Monro
4. 3rd ventricle
5. cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
6. 4th ventricle
7. central canal of spinal cord through foramina of luschka or foreman of magendie
8. through the subarachnoid space
9. exits ventricular system by arachnoid granulations
10. enters venous circulation via superior sagittal sinus
40
spinal cord ends at vertebral level
L2
41
superior petrosal sinus goes to:
junction of transverse and sigmoid sinus
42
inferior petrosal sinus goes to:
junction of sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein
43
frontal lobe function
motor
44
parietal lobe function
somatosensory
45
thalamus
- relay center for movement and sensory info
- conveys sensory info to cerebral cortex
- borders 3rd ventricle
46
hypothalamus
- controls ANS
- controls hunger, thirst, emotions, temperature, circadian rhythms
- controls pituitary gland by secreting hormones
- associated with fever
47
epithalamus
connection between the limbic system to other parts of the brain
48
midbrain
- relay station for auditory and visual info
- controls eye mobement
- motor initiation
49
substantia nigra
- degeneration of neurons in the midbrain
| - associated with Parkinson's disease
50
pons
-helps coordinate movement on each side of the body
51
medulla
-controls autonomic functions such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure
52
what CN on the midbrain?
CN III and IV
53
what CN on the pons
CN V, VI, VII
| -part of VIII
54
What CN on the medulla
-part of CN VIII, -all of IX, X, XI, XII
55
cerebellum
- receives info from balance system, sensory and auditory and visual
- involved in coordination of motor movements
- basic facets of memory and learning
56
berry aneurysm
-on the anterior communicating artery of the brain
57
pia mater extensions
- covers spinal cord
- extends off attaching to dura forming denticulate ligaments
- anchors SC to coccyx by filum terminale
58
epidural space filled with:
- fat
- loose connective tissue
- extensive venous anastomosis
59
reticular formation connects the:
brain stem
crebellum
cerebrum
-helps control sleep and attention
60
flacid is associated with
lower motor neuron issue
61
spastic is associated with
upper motor neuron issue
62
preganglionic parasympathetic fibers reach their target ganglia via:
branches of CN
III
VII
IX
63
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers reach their end organs by:
hitch-hiking along branches of CN V
64
preganglionic sympathetic fibers arise in:
T1-T4
65
postganglionic sympathetic fibers arise from:
- superior cervical ganlion
| - reach target organs via branches of the internal/external carotid artery
66
CN I
- olfactory nerve
- SVA
- purely special sensory for smell
67
crossing of fields in optic chiasm:
- medial retinal fields cross
| - lateral retinal fields remain on the same side
68
bitemporal hemianopia
- loss of lateral vision
| - lesion at optic chiasm
69
monocular loss
- lesion at optic nerve
| - loss of vision in that eye
70
homonymous quadrantoanopia
- lesion at optic tract
| - loss of vision on same side of each eye
71
CN III
- oculomotor nerve
| - somatic motor and parasympathetic (visceral motor)
72
CN IV
trochlear
- somatic motor
- superior oblique muscle
- arises from dorsal aspect of midbrain
73
most commonly affected CN
IV trochlear lesion
- typically due to trauma
- longest coursing cranial nerve
- eye deviates upward and inward since unopposed by superior oblique
74
branches of V1
1. Lacrimal nerve (lacrimal gland, skin of upper eyelid)
2. frontal nerve
- supratrochlear n
- supraorbital n
3. nasociliar nerve
- innervates nasal mucosa, ethmoidal and sphenoid sinuses
75
functional group of V3
mixed
GSA
SVE
76
branches of V2
maxillary:
1. zygomatic
2. infraorbital
3. superior alveolar
4. nasopalatine
5. greater palatine
6. lesser palatine
77
motor innervation from V3:
```
oral floor:
-mylohyoid
-anterior digastric
mastication:
-temporalis
-masseter
-medial pterygoid
-lateral pterygoid
soft palate:
-tensor veli paltini
-tensor tympani
```
78
main branches of V3
1. auriculotemporal
-sensory to external ear, parotid and superficial temporal regions
2. lingual nerve
-sensory to mucous membrane of anterior 2/3 tongue
-floor of the
mouth and mandibular gums
-taste of anterior 2/3 via facial nerve through chorda tympani
3. inferior alveolar nerve
-motor to mylohyoid
-sensory to lower teeth and gums
79
what muscles open the pharyngotympanic tube
1. tensor veli palati
2. levator veli palati
3. salpingopharyngeus
80
bones that make up the orbit
1. frontal
2. zygomatic
3. maxilla
4. lacrimal
5. ethmoid
6. sphenoid
7. palatine
81
part of the larynx that forms a complete ring around airway:
cricoid cartilage
82
cricothyroid
- extrinsic
- elongates vocal ligaments
- only one that tigthens vocal folds
- increases pitch of voice
83
posterior cricoarytenoids
- abducts vocal folds
- opens rima glottidis
- heavy breathing
84
lateral cricoarytenoids
- adducts vocal folds
- vocal ligaments come together
- closes rima glottidis
- cuases whisper
85
thyroarytenoids
- adducts vocal folds
- slackens vocal ligaments and folds
- causes deeper pitch
- fine tonal control
86
oblique arytenoids
- crisscross on arytenoid
- adducts arytenoids
- allows voice production
- sphincter to close larynx when we cough/swallow
87
transverse arytenoid
single unpaired muscle
- adducts arytenoids
- allows sound production
- eliminates posterior opening between arytenoids
88
opening of the pharyngotympanic tube:
-swallowing: equalizes pressure between auditory canal and pharynx
89
cochlea contains:
- blood vessels
| - branches of cochlear nerve
90
vestibule contains:
-utricle
-saccule
-endolympatic duct
2 small blood vessels
91
semicircular canals contain:
-semicircular ducts
92
internal ear contents:
- choclea
- vestibule
- semicircular canals
93
conjunctiva:
- palpebral: mucous membrane covering internal surface of eyelid
- bulbar: portion reflected onto eyeball
94
dense bands of connective tissue that form skeleton of eyelid:
superior and inferior tarsi
95
tarsal glands:
secrete lipid marterial that lubricates edge of eyelids and barrier to lacrimal fluid
96
nerve supply to the lacrimal gland:
- parasympathetic CN VII pterygopalatine ganglion
| - sympathetic from superior cervical ganglion
97
layers of the eye:
1. fibrous
- cornea
- sclera
2. vascular
- choroid
- ciliary body
- iris
3. inner
- retina
- fundus (optic disk, macula lutea)
98
hiatus semilunaris region drains:
- frontal sinus
- anterior and middle ethmoidal air cells
- maxillary sinus
- is under the middle turbinate
99
sphenoethmoidal recess drains:
sphenoid sinus
posterior ethmoidal air cells
-under superior turbinate
100
nasolacrimal duct runs:
under the inferior turbinate
101
folds in the oral cavity:
- palatoglossal fold (anterior)
| - palatopharyngeal fold (posterior
102
tongue intrinsics
- change shape of tongue
| - CN XII
103
Tongue extrinsics
root of tongue
104
innervation to the outer tympanic membrane
V3
VII
X
105
innervation to inner tympanic membrane
IX
106
structures in the carotid triangle:
- common carotid artery
- internal jugular vein
- vagus nerve
- hypoglossal nerve
- infrahyoids
- thyroid
107
sclera
tough part of eyeball on posterior 5/6 surface
| -attachment area for muscles
108
cornea
-transparent part of fibrous layer covering anterior 1/6 eyeball
109
choroid
- layer between sclera and retina
| - majority of vascular bed of the eyeball
110
ciliary body
- muscular and vascular layer
- connects choroid with the iris
- aqueous humor
- aqueous vitrous
111
iris
- thin contractile diaphragm
| - sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae
