(Exam 5) Chp 13+14 HW ?'s

Question 1

what is the plexus? and where are they located?

Answer 1

network of spinal nerves. The main nerve plexuses in the human body are the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses

Question 2

Vibration and deep pressure are detected by…

Answer 2

mechanoreceptors such as lamellated corpuscles

Question 3

The receptors for smell and taste are called…

Answer 3

chemoreceptors

Question 4

Pain in the right side of the neck and shoulder, associated with liver and gallbladder pathology is an example of…

Answer 4

referred pain

Question 5

what structure process is closest to nerve endings with sensory receptors?

Answer 5

the peripheral process of a sensory neuron

Question 6

Photoreceptors are found only in what part of the body?

Answer 6

EYE

Question 6

Sensory transduction occurs in…

Answer 6

PNS sensory neurons.

Question 7

Regions of skin supplied by a spinal nerve for somatic sensation are known as what?

Answer 7

dermatomes.

Question 8

What reflex causes muscle relaxation?

stretch reflex
Golgi tendon reflex
crossed-extension reflex
flexion (withdrawal) reflex

Answer 8

Golgi tendon reflex

Question 8

Visceral pain may be perceived as cutaneous pain, a phenomenon known as what type of pain?

Answer 8

referred pain

Question 9

The patellar reflex is a type of what reflex?

Answer 9

stretch reflex

Question 10

In the last step of a visceral reflex arc, __________.
stimuli are integrated by the CNS
motor impulses travel to autonomic ganglia
afferent neurons take signal to the brain and spinal cord
postganglionic neurons stimulate target cells

Answer 10

postganglionic neurons stimulate target cells

Question 11

Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscle?
parasympathetic division
visceral motor division
sympathetic division
somatic motor division

Answer 11

somatic motor division

Question 12

Neurons that transmit efferent signals between the CNS and autonomic ganglia are called __________.
sensory neurons
postganglionic neurons
preganglionic neurons
interneurons

Answer 12

preganglionic neurons

Question 13

Where do preganglionic neurons reside?

Answer 13

Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons reside in the brain stem or spinal cord. Preganglionic neurons stimulate postganglionic neurons.

Question 14

Which of the following is called the “fight or flight” division of the nervous system?
somatic motor division
parasympathetic nervous system
visceral sensory division
sympathetic nervous system

Answer 14

sympathetic nervous system

Question 15

Unlike autonomic motor neurons, somatic motor neurons __________.
release ACh at their target cells
synapse with their target cells inside ganglia
stimulate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
can only stimulate their target cells and not inhibit them

Answer 15

can only stimulate their target cells and not inhibit them

Question 16

Postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system __________.
stimulate preganglionic neurons
are afferent
stimulate skeletal muscle
have cell bodies located within autonomic ganglia

Answer 16

have cell bodies located within autonomic ganglia

Question 17

Which of the following divisions of the nervous system is often called the “rest and digest” division of the nervous system?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Somatic motor division
Visceral sensory division

Answer 17

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 18

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 18

the parasympathetic nervous system helps your body chill out, recover, and maintain balance after a period of activity or stress.

Question 19

Visceral reflex arcs do NOT control:
digestion.
heart rate.
blood pressure.
voluntary muscle functions.

Answer 19

voluntary muscle functions.

Question 20

Sally sustained damage to some autonomic ganglia. What part of the visceral reflex arc is interrupted?
motor response in a target cell
sensory reception
integration
initiation of a motor impulse in the central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 20

motor response in a target cell

Question 21

Autonomic motor neurons do NOT innervate:
skeletal muscle cells.
glands.
smooth muscle cells.
cardiac muscle cells.

Answer 21

skeletal muscle cells.

Question 21

Somatic motor neurons innervate:
smooth muscle cells.
cardiac muscle cells.
glands.
skeletal muscle cells.

Answer 21

skeletal muscle cells.

Question 22

Control of skeletal muscle is the responsibility of: an autonomic ganglion. a preganglionic neuron. a postganglionic neuron. a somatic motor neuron.

Answer 22

a somatic motor neuron.

Question 23

what is the somatic nervous system?

Answer 23

somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements of your skeletal muscles and carries sensory information (like touch, pain, temperature) to the brain. It’s the part of your nervous system that lets you do things like walk, pick up objects, or feel the warmth of the sun.

Question 24

what is the sensory nervous system?

Answer 24

sensory nervous system is the part of the nervous system that detects and sends sensory information (like touch, pain, temperature, sound, light, etc.) from the body to the brain. It lets you feel, hear, see, smell, and taste what's happening in and around you.

Question 25

what is the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 25

In short, the sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system that activates the "fight or flight" response.

Question 26

what is the somatic motor neuron?

Answer 26

somatic motor neuron is a nerve cell that sends signals from the central nervous system to your skeletal muscles, telling them to contract—aka, it controls voluntary movement.

Question 27

what is the postganglionic neuron?

Answer 27

postganglionic neuron is a nerve cell that carries signals from a ganglion (a cluster of nerve cells) to the target organ or tissue, like a muscle or gland. It’s the second neuron in the chain of the autonomic nervous system, after the preganglionic neuron.

Question 28

what is the autonomic ganglion?

Answer 28

autonomic ganglion is a cluster of nerve cell bodies in the autonomic nervous system where preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons. It acts as a relay station between the central nervous system and the target organs (like the heart, digestive system, etc.).

Question 29

what is the preganglionic neuron?

Answer 29

preganglionic neuron is a nerve cell that carries signals from the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord) to an autonomic ganglion, where it synapses with a postganglionic neuro

Question 30

In the context of the nervous system, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work antagonistically. What does this mean?

Answer 30

They essentially counterbalance each other to regulate various body functions.

Question 31

Compared to parasympathetic ganglia, sympathetic ganglia are __________. closer to the spinal cord located in brain stem located in the thoracic or lumbar spinal cord embedded in the target organs

Answer 31

closer to the spinal cord. Axons of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are short, so sympathetic ganglia are generally located close to the spinal cord.

Question 32

Ephedrine is a protein extracted from a Chinese plant that acts similarly to epinephrine and acts on the same receptors. Ephedrine can cause __________. constriction of the pupil bronchoconstriction increased digestive functions increased heart rate

Answer 32

increased heart rate. Epinephrine is a sympathetic neurotransmitter, and is also released as a hormone from the adrenal medulla upon sympathetic stimulation. Ephedrine therefore has similar effects, and can lead to cardiac problems because of its effect on heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 33

Cocaine causes increased availability of norepinephrine. Which of the following will be an effect of cocaine? hyperglycemia due to increased glucose release decreased sweating bronchoconstriction constriction of the pupils

Answer 33

hyperglycemia due to increased glucose release

Question 34

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate in the: lateral horns of the spinal cord. gray rami communicantes. collateral ganglion. sympathetic chain ganglion.

Answer 34

lateral horns of the spinal cord.

Question 35

what is norepinephrine?

Answer 35

norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter and hormone that plays a key role in the fight-or-flight response. It’s released by the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness, preparing the body for stress or action.

Question 36

what is epinephrine?

Answer 36

epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is a hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a central role in the body's fight-or-flight response. It’s released by the adrenal glands and increases heart rate, blood pressure, and energy, preparing the body for quick action in stressful situations.

Question 37

Receptors that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as: nicotinic. muscarinic. adrenergic. cholinergic.

Answer 37

adrenergic.

Question 38

Identify if the following are effects of the sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic nervous system. Relaxation of the urinary sphincter parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system

Answer 38

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 38

Identify if the following are effects of the sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic nervous system. Increased heart rate parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system

Answer 38

sympathetic nervous system

Question 39

Identify if the following are effects of the sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic nervous system. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels to skin parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system

Answer 39

sympathetic nervous system

Question 40

Identify if the following are effects of the sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic nervous system. Enhances mental alertness parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system

Answer 40

sympathetic nervous system

Question 41

Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system have __________ origin. craniolumbar thoracosacral craniosacral thoracolumbar

Answer 41

craniosacral. The cell bodies of the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are located within the nuclei of several cranial nerves in the brainstem, and in the sacral region of the spinal cord.

Question 42

Homeostatic functions are largely controlled centrally by the hypothalamus and the brainstem reticular formation.

Question 43

what is the reticular formation?

Answer 43

The reticular formation is a group of nuclei in the brainstem, which contain areas called autonomic centers. These centers control the activity of preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

Question 44

Autonomic centers are located in the __________. thalamus cerebral cortex amygdala reticular formation

Answer 44

reticular formation. Autonomic centers in the reticular formation contain neurons that control the activity of preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

Question 45

Which nervous system usually maintains a heart rate of 72 beats per minute? central nervous system sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system somatic nervous system

Answer 45

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 46

What part of the brain largely controls homeostatic functions? pineal gland cerebellum hypothalamus occipital lobe

Answer 46

hypothalamus

Question 47

what is referred pain?

Answer 47

referred pain is pain that is felt in a different location from where the actual injury or issue is occurring. This happens because the brain misinterprets signals from different parts of the body that share similar nerve pathways.