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Astronomy > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

region of the night sky that contains a star pattern

A

constellation

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2
Q

stars appear to move overhead, rising in the East, setting in the West but actually Earth’s spin

A

Apparent Sky Motion

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3
Q

equal to longitude

A

right ascension

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4
Q

equal to latitude; angular distance of object North or South of the celestial equator

A

declination

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5
Q

invisible line in the sky where all planets orbit, and zodiac signs are found

A

ecliptic

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6
Q

latitude dependent, look higher in the sky when closer to the North pole; always visible

A

circumpolar constellations

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7
Q

best viewing at 9pm, advance one season every 6 hours

A

seasonal constellations

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8
Q

brightness of a star as seen from Earth

A

apparent magnitude

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9
Q

apparent magnitude as seen from 10 parsec distance

A

absolute magnitude

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10
Q

m1-m110, was looking for comets; objects on list are considered not comets

A

Messier Objects

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11
Q

where a star dies, where new stars are born

A

Nebulae

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12
Q

class of stars that have variable pulsation; used to calculate distance to neighboring galaxies

A

Cepheid variable

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13
Q

Earths wobble causes this

A

precession

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14
Q

stars that make up the summer triangle

A

Altair, Deneb, Alberio

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15
Q

identical to matter but charges are reversed

A

antimatter

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16
Q

how old is the Earth

A

4.6 billion years old

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17
Q

what happens when matter and antimatter meet?

A

explosions

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18
Q

what galaxies make up our local group?

A

Andromeda, milky way, Triangulum galaxy large and small Magellanic clouds

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19
Q

what was the first exo-planet ever found

A

51-pegasi

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20
Q

what star is an eclipsing binary that represents Medusa’s eye

A

algol

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21
Q

what are blue shifted objects in the sky

A

Andromeda galaxy, Arcturus, Bernard’s star

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22
Q

what is a recurring nova

A

one star steals gas from the other

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23
Q

how can we find black holes?

A

black holes have ans signature because it messes up the pathway of gravitational pull

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24
Q

why does the sun get hotter the farther you travel away from the photosphere

A

more ionized atoms whipping around in the upper layers because of the magnetic field lines

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25
Q

what is plasma

A

most common form of matter, doesn’t have electrons and the nucleus is not tightly bound

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26
Q

what are the layers of the sun in order

A

photosphere, chromosphere, corona

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27
Q

what are characteristics of the photosphere

A

density- less than interior, more than chromosphere
spectrum- absorption
temp- 5800K
features- granules: show convection, movement seen by doppler
other- thin layer, visible light

28
Q

what are granules?

A

dark-edge regions, size of Texas, last for 10-20 min, evidence of convection, movement seen by Doppler, found in the photosphere

29
Q

what are characteristics of the chromosphere

A

density- less dense than air (10^8)
spectrum- emission
temp- 4500K- 500,000K
features- spicules, filaments (solar prominence)
other- pink due to emission Balmer lines of hydrogen put together (BVR)

30
Q

what are the layers from most to least dense

A

under the photosphere, photosphere, chromosphere, corona

31
Q

what is the relationship between color and temperature? (Dark spots)

A

dark spots are cooler

32
Q

what are spicules and where are they found

A

eyelashes, flame-like jets of rising gas, start in chromosphere goes into corona, around edges of super granules

33
Q

what are filaments

A

solar prominence eruptions seen from above, look like snake, seen from horizon, look like arch. ionized gas trapped in the magnetic arch going through the photosphere and chromosphere into the lower corona
looks dark- cooler than the photosphere

34
Q

what are characteristics of the solar corona

A 
density- 10^6 cucm^3 
spectrum- none bc not enough atoms 
temp- 500,000K- over 2 million K
features- CME cause solar winds that follow the field lines, coronal holes left from broken field lines 
other- pearly color during eclipse
35
Q

what controls the weather on the sun

A

magnetic field lines

36
Q

why is the sun hotter in the outer layers

A

ions whipped towards the magnetic field, closer= moving more, hotter
anchor is stable and magnetic field lines move a lot

37
Q

what are solar winds

A

gas follows magnetic field lines outward, interferes with radio waves on earth

38
Q

what is the relationship between magnetism and weather on the sun

A

when magnetic field lines on the sun get tangled tied up on the sun, more CMEs occur because of the magnetic field lines breaking

39
Q

what happens to form solar winds

A

magnetic field line goes straight out but doesn’t go back in
twisting rubber bands

40
Q

how is aurora formed

A

mass ejection or solar flare channeled into poles, raises electrons out in colors

41
Q

what is a coronal hole

A

comes back in and connects with surface

42
Q

what is helioseismology

A

the study of movement on the sun (sunquakes) detected using Doppler

43
Q

describe the steps of the sunspot cycle

A

cool spots caused by caused by magnetic waves, follow 11 year cycle that may affect earth climate, part of larger magnetic process involving all of the layers of the sun

44
Q

how does a new sunspot cycle begin

A

magnetic poles of sunspots shift approximately every 11 years, lead must change its charge

45
Q

how long does a magnetic cycle last

A

about 22 years

46
Q

what is the umbra of the sunspot

A

the darkest part, about 2x size of earth

47
Q

what is the penumbra

A

the lighter part surrounding the sunspot

48
Q

what is the differential rotation of the sun

A

25 days at the equator
27.8 days at the 45 degree
deeper layers also rotate at different speeds
caused by centrifugal force

49
Q

what does the Babcock model try to prove

A

magnetic cycle as tangling of magnetic field, more wound up then more sunspots

50
Q

what is a model

A

quest to understand something, one step before a theory

51
Q

what are the steps to sunspot cycle according to the Babcock model

A
  1. line of solar magnetic field
  2. differential rotation drags equatorial part of magnetic field ahead
  3. as sun rotated, mag. field dragged
  4. diff rotation wraps the sun
  5. where loops of tangled mag. field rise to surface, sunspots form
52
Q

what is the distribution of sunspots throughout the cycle?

A

early in cycle, high latitudes; later in cycle, low latitudes

53
Q

what is the Mauder minimum

A

very few sunspots, lines up with “little ice age”, shows link between solar activity and the amount of solar energy the earth received; the year 1645-1715

54
Q

what is different about sunspot cycle 24?

A

current cycle; quieter; took longer to start

55
Q

what is a solar flare

A

opposite mag. field lines meet and cancel
high nrg protons ans electrons (UV and Xrays)
disrupt navigation, satellites, electricity surge

56
Q

how are sunquakes measured

A

sound waves

57
Q

what are the for forces in order of their strength

A

strong force- within nucleus
weak force- within atom
electromagnetism-radio and light
gravity-longest

58
Q

what happens when 4 hydrogen atoms bond to make one helium atom

A

matter is destroyed to create energy

59
Q

what is special about a helium nucleus

A

it is an alpha particle

60
Q

what are the three isotopes of hydrogen

A

deuterium
protium
tritium

61
Q

what are neutrinos

A

small subatomic particles given off by the sun, have little to no effect on humans, 10^12 passing through you right now, harmless

62
Q

what is luminosity

A

every wavelength that the sun gives out

63
Q

what is magnitude

A

only visible light

64
Q

what can be used to find the wavelength of maximum intensity, luminosity, color, temp, and SA of a star

A

Hertzsprung-Russell diagram

65
Q

what is the relationship between size of star and size of spectral lines

A

larger stars have smaller spectral lines because the light cannot take as much energy by bouncing around
smaller stars have larger spectral lines because light bounces around more

66
Q

what spectral class is our star

A

G; V (main sequence)

Astronomy (1 decks)

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