Exam Flashcards by Grace Johnson

Poison ivy/oak’s allergen

urushial

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Hygiene hypothesis

West - clean; East - dirty

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Mast cells display __, which the allergen contacts and causes a degranulation that releases _______ (the symptoms of allergy)

IgE; histamine

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First generation antihistamines

D(i)+C(hlor) - sleepy/reduced nausea since could enter the brain; Benadryl and Chlor-tripolon; 1940s

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Second gen antihistamines

On the D(es)L(ora) (aerius ‘02 and claritin ‘89) - can’t enter the brain (so no reduced nausea/sleepiness)

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Third gen antihistamines

C(et)F(exo) - reactine/allegra both in 1996

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Singulair antagonizes ______, which are known to stimulate ____ cells

leukotrienes; mast

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_____ correctly described the heart as a pump, w/ a one way circulatory system

Harvey (<3)

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The heart is innervated by

sympathetic nerves (so we use an NE antagonist)

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Normal BP is

120/80

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Low/high diastolic Ps

<90 = fine; >150 = severe hypertension

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Essential vs. secondary hypertension

Essential - from Na, irreversible

Secondary - can be treated w/ drugs

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Captopril (cough + coppery) > Enalapril act by … and originate from …

Block ACE (i.e. formation of Angio II); originated from idea that snake venom is a potent vasodilator and decreases BP

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Withering discovered

That the foxgrove plant stimulates the heart

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Digitalis/digoxin originates from

the foxgrove stimulatory plant - used by nurse Cullen to kill many patients

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Nitroglycerin used to treat ______; patches caused a problem…; side effect was…

Angina; Nitroglycerin patches on patients when not taken off during defib would explode (Nitro used to make dynamite - noticed all dynamite makers didn’t suffer angina); erections

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Congestive heart failure

Plaque/macro eat cholesterol and foam cells release chemicals that weaken tissue and can burst the plaque - the blood clot continues w/out being fixed and congests b.v.

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Via ____ _______, plant lipids are converted to ____ fats, for a better “mouth feel”

partial hydrogenation; trans

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Statins prevent

Cholesterol formation

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________ is the drug that ____ sang to attempt more CTs, and can work at __mg; it was also fast-tracked by Pfizer for being an ____ drug

Lipitor; Newton; 10; orphan

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Schizophrenia uses _______ to calm the patient (___ suffix); Thoraz caused symptoms much like ______’s; both drugs are __ antagonists

histamines; ine; Parkinson’s; D2 (dopamine to increase serotonin)

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OCD is caused from low ______; ____ and ___ are used to treat this disorder

serotonin; MAO, SSRI

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Tricyclic drugs (depression)

Amplify serotonin

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Imipramine (depression)

Inhibits serotonin reuptake while antagonizing dopamine, ACh, and histamine

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Ipronazid (depression)

MAO inhibitor - used to regulate neurotransmitters

Anhedonia =

inability to experience pleasure

Lithium, used to treat _____, was discovered by

Cade, who thought bipolar was from toxins in urine (which did buffer w/ Li2CO3)

Valporic acid acts to

inhibit ACh for bipolar ppl

Anxiety uses ____ and ____, which act to increase ____

Barbiturates and benzodiazepines; GABA

Semipure cannabinoids =

Shatter

An e.g. of a synthetic cannabinoid is

JWH-018

Coca-cola was originally a

non alcoholic version of Vin Mariani wine

The only company that can import coca leaves is

Stephan

Cocaine ___ is expensive (w/ stabilizer), while ___ cocaine is freebased and can be smoked

HCl; crack

At a low dose, amphetamines give a _______, while high doses __________

fight/flight response; release dopamine

Dr. Feelgood = ; wrote prescriptions for ______

Jacobson; amphetamines

Methamphetamines are potent

vasoconstrictors and cause meth teeth/face

The hypodermic syringe was invented in

1956

Hallucinogens mimic

serotonin

LSD is associated w/ _____ licking his fingers and McGill and ____ of Harvard

Hoffman; Leary

Atropine is from the ____ _____ or the _______

deadly nightshade; Belladonna

Scopolamine

"Truth serum", but just talked a lot

Associated w/ witches' broomsticks

Hyoscine/atropine (not H2O soluble)

Heroin was meant to be the non addictive ___, but ended up entering the brain even better

cough suppressant (instead of pseudoephedrine - amphetamine)

Oxycodone originated from the need to ..., and is commonly referred to as " "

rid of opium's juice (40% of its contents); hillbilly heroin

Opiates

Morphine, heroin, codeine, oxycodone > derived from poppy

Fillers are designed to

Dilute drugs and spread evenly (make measurements easier)

Ecstasy/MDMA was tested to be a ____ ____ in the 1980s; is used by ______s, since it causes promiscuous, euphoric behaviour; you have to be careful since sometimes ____ and ____ may not be completely removed from the drug (neurotoxins)

truth serum; predator; mercury/arsenic

____ has an amphetamine-like structure, and was converted into _____ for diet pill, but instead invoked violent psychosis, sold on the internet as ___ ____

Khat; cathinone; bath salts

What drug got a bad rep in the 1960s - "speed freaks"

Amphetamines

_____, a painkiller known as "MPPP", sometimes got made into "MPTP" which caused ______ addicts w/ Parkinson-like symptoms like _____ caused

Dermerol; frozen; Thorazine (schizo)

_____ and ____ are used to prevent colds

Echinacea (originally in snake oil)/Cold FX

Ginko

Meant to increase circulation to the brain, interferes w/ bl clotting

Saw Palmento

Meant to treat benign prostate hyperplasia

Garlic: active ingredient? butt cleanse?

Allicin; promoted by Hohensee

St. John's Wort: purpose? not real active ingredient? interferes w/ 50% meds how?

Anti-depressant; hypericin; liver enzymes to switch "on" liver

Three natural remedies that interfere w/ liver function:

St. John's Wort (turns on liver); Kava Kava; grapefruit (turns off liver)

Glucosamine sulfate

Oil up joints

Dietary supplement health and education act establish

1994

Recommended dose of vit C

90mg/day

_________: serial dilute solutions give a memory

Hahnemann (ha, nah man)

Silkworm

Bombykol

Periplanone

Virgin cockroaches

Animals have ______ smelling organ that humans don't have

Vomeronasal

Good Omega-3:

Eico or doco

Wasp pheromones

Chilo trapez

Ophrys exaltata

Bee pheromones

Methyl paraben

Bitches

Truffles/boars

Androstenone (Andron cologne)

Skatole = _____ in fragrance

Civetole (originally from civet cat bum glands)

Increase in dopamine from _________, which decreases _____ levels (causing loving behaviours)

phenethylamine; serotonin (increase in anxiety from lower levels and OCD if very low)

Males = ; Females =

Vasopressin; oxytocin

Spanish fly

Cantharidin or capsaicin online

Addyi

Hyposexual women

Yohimbine

Erectile dysfunction but natural gives longer than 3-4h

Erectile dysfunction is from improper _______, as proved by ______ when he took ____ _______

sympathetic innervation; Brindley; B-blockers

Viagra came after _______

Alprostadil

Exam Flashcards

(77 cards)