Exam 9 & 10

Question 1

After 1973, journalist David Cay Johnston describes how the U.S. economy “began a long and painful slide backwards.” He lists three causes,

Answer 1

the rise of global competition, the decline of american manufacturing, and the growing income inequality

Question 2

In the U.S. the vast majority’s average income rose above the 1973 level only 4 times.

Question 3

The high level of inequality in the US is problematic because:

Answer 3

related to the high rates of mental illness, to high rates of homicide and violent crime. and to inequality is related to high rates of low birth weight. incorrect

Question 4

Women earn, on average, _______ an hour for each dollar a man earns.

Answer 4

.82

Question 5

What was a reason for the earnings gap between black and white women between 1980 and 2002?

Answer 5

They were not equally represented in the job sectors with the most earnings growth

Question 6

. In studying whether Asian American men experience labor market discrimination, Kim and Sakamoto found native-born Asian American men have an 8% earnings disadvantage when you consider the following EXCEPT:

Answer 6

their marriage status

Question 7

Studies of earnings gap consistently show that about ______ to ______ of this gap cannot be explained by human capital.

Answer 7

10-20%

Question 8

A survey conducted in 2001 found that more than _____ percent of blacks believed they had experienced labor market discrimination.

Answer 8

33%

Answer 9

Implicit bias

Question 10

What piece of legislation first used the term, affirmative action?

Answer 10

1935 National Labor Relations Act

Question 11

None

Question 12

After fifty years of affirmative action, African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans, there is no longer discrimination True or False:

Answer 12

False, continue to experience labor market discrimination

Question 13

An economy in which a business’ success is both shaped and limited by the racial group membership of the business owner is called a

Answer 13

racial enclave economy

Question 14

In 2010, 13.5 percent of white men were self-employed. Which of the following groups did better than white men?

Answer 14

Israelis

Question 15

None

Question 16

One reason that it is difficult, or even impossible, to simply legislate away discrimination is:

Answer 16

Employers may be discriminating unconsciously.

Question 17

What is an example of a race-neutral program that may help reduce racial disparities?

Answer 17

Training programs to get people up to speed and to work in emerging fields. correct

Question 18

Gaps in labor market and small-businesses are structured by all of the following EXCEPT:

Answer 18

lack of business training

Question 19

What is the ginicoeffient?

Answer 19

a measure of inequality with 0 being perfect equality and 100 being perfect inequality.

Question 20

Today the United States is one of the most unequal countries in the western hemisphere. True or False.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Where does the US fall in the gini-coefficent?

Answer 21

48 (Norway is 23 for example). Compared with similar nations, the US is the most unequal and has the largest gap with the richest and poorest 10%

Question 22

In any recent year, more than __________ American children lived in a home without enough food for everyone at all times.

Answer 22

1 in 5

Question 23

What was the slogan of the “Occupy Wall Street” movement referring to income disparities?

Answer 23

We are the 99%

Question 24

Who makes the most money over their lifetime with a college education?

Answer 24

White men

Question 25

Four groups had higher earnings than White men.

Answer 25

Asian men, asian women, some in speciifc high demand jobs with high paying status, and professional groups such as doctors

Question 26

From highest to lowest, which groups graduated from high school and immediately enrolled in college?

Answer 26

Asians, latinos, whites

Question 27

Human capital work experience is less for black women than white and hispanic women. True or False

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What does it mean to have unreasoned judgmental inclinations that operate without our conscious awareness?

Answer 28

Implicit bias

Question 29

Are there great differences between asian Americans?

Answer 29

for example Indians, mong, etc. have very different salaries. Polenians make more than white women but if you look at the average, there is still disparity.

Question 30

White men have higher earnings than asian men. True or False.

Answer 30

False. Asian American men make more but there is still some prejudice noticed.

Question 31

Earnings equality is compounded by unemployment rates. Earnings data does include joblessness or underemployment. True or False.

Answer 31

False. Earnings data is not included

Question 32

What is unemployment?

Answer 32

a person is not earning an income. They dont have a job and have looked in the last month.

Question 33

Underemployment means?

Answer 33

Jobless workers that are working part time but able to work full time, or those actively seeking employment, and those who have looked for work in the last year.

Question 34

What impact do incarcerated individuals if they were counted in unemployment rates?

Answer 34

It could impact labor inequality and compounded if you are black

Question 35

What is a mechanism of labor market discrimination in which job applicants of different races receive different responses despite similar levels of experience?

Answer 35

shifting standards

Question 36

Why do these disparities exist with unequal work standards?

Answer 36

Implicit bias

Question 37

What is the shift called from a manufacturing to a service economy.

Answer 37

Deindustrialization

Question 38

A market economy that is embedded within interlocking systems of oppression and privilege is called:

Answer 38

Embedded market

Question 39

What structural explanations are there for disparity?

Answer 39

Deindustrialization, skills match hypothesis, and spatial mismatch hypothesis.

Question 40

What is the skills mismatch hypothesis?

Answer 40

Skills are mismatched. Many black people live in areas where there has been a reduction in work. Securing work in the economy don't match the skills needed

Question 41

What is deindustrialization

Answer 41

The average pay has been for low workers has been decreaseing and so the shift from manufacturing to service economy so then there is less need for low skill workers.

Question 42

What is the spatial mismatch hypothesis

Answer 42

Location mismatched. black families have been excluded in areas where job growth has occurred and so the job concentration is mismatched.

Question 43

what is a ethnic enclave economy?

Answer 43

clusters of people that serve those needs for that race and can be successful because they now each other, they speak the language, and support the culture.

Question 44

What is a racial enclave economy?

Answer 44

a business success is shaped and limited by the racial group of the business owner. It can be successful and fail based on market trends and the educational level of the business owner. Based on the race of the business owner.

Question 45

Which Act opened the door for former slaves to acquire land?

Answer 45

Southern Homestead Act (SHA)

Question 46

What is wealth?

Answer 46

the sum total of a person's assets minus debt. It is built over a lifetime and passed onto the next generation through inheritance.

Question 47

What year did Congress dismantled the Freedman's Bureau

Answer 47

1872

Question 48

1% of Americans own nearly half of the wealth in the country . True or False

Answer 48

True

Question 49

By 1900, ______ of southern black farmers owned their land.

Answer 49

25%

Question 50

At first, blacks in urban areas lived ________ whites.

Answer 50

in close proximity

Question 51

What is one of the main barriers for the inability for minorities to build wealth and own the home has been because of what?

Answer 51

Housing segregation in US cities

Question 52

What is the American dream ideal

Answer 52

if you work hard enough, you can achieve anything you want in this life. "pull yourself up from your bootstraps"

Question 53

Which are examples of racial violence deployed to keep blacks out of primarily white neighborhoods?

Answer 53

cross burning, window breaking and mobs

Question 54

Most US cities are heavily segregated. True or False

Answer 54

True

Question 55

What 3 three patterns led to segregated neighborhoods

Answer 55

collective racial violence led by whites, federal housing programs only available to whites, and practices created and reinforced by the real estate industry

Question 56

Kevin Gotham argues that the primary motive for racially restrictive covenants was:

Answer 56

economic

Question 57

What was the motivation behind real estate practices that prevented properties being sold to non-whites?

Answer 57

It was because investors believed that racially stable all white only neighborhoods would increase in value more than those with other races.

Question 58

In 1948, the Supreme Court declared the real estate policies as what?

Answer 58

unenforceable

Question 59

The fair housing act ended all segregation?

Answer 59

False. It was in 1968 and made it illegal but realtors found other strategies to prevent black families from moving in.

Question 60

In 2016, the bottom ____ of the population controlled 1.1% of the wealth in the US.

Answer 60

50%

Question 61

What is one tactic called where real estate agents use to show white families white neighborhood and black families only black neighborhoods?

Answer 61

steering

Question 62

Using five factors, researchers were able to explain ______ of the wealth gap

Answer 62

two thirds

Question 63

Whites and blacks with similar income levels tend to have vastly different wealth portfolios. One reason is that:

Answer 63

Whites are more likely to have jobs with benefits. correct

Question 64

Which group is well positioned to accumulate wealth over the course of their lives?

Answer 64

Married white couples with college educations.

Question 65

Wealth provides a __________

Answer 65

safety net for emergencies. correct

Question 66

Between 1933 and 1978, federal government policies enabled over 35 million families to purchase homes in new suburban areas. These families will pass trillions of dollars of wealth to their children through accumulated home equity. Nearly all of these families are:

Answer 66

white

Question 67

None

Question 68

What is a dissimilarity index?

Answer 68

It quantifies to describes the extent to which two groups to see how segregated it is. asks lots of questions about integrations, and segregations.

Question 69

Why do scholars sometimes refer to African Americans in urban areas as hyper segregated

Answer 69

It's because compared to other minorities, African Americans experience way more segregation.

Question 70

What year did Congress dismantle the Freedman's Bureau

Answer 70

1872

Question 71

In Kansas City, residential segregation ________ between 1900 and 1930.

Answer 71

tripled

Question 72

What were contractual agreements that prevent the sale or lease of property within an area to nonwhites called?

Answer 72

racially restrictive covenants

Question 73

On average, blacks are ___ times more likely than whites to be denied mortgages.

Answer 73

2.7

Question 74

What is a pawnshop, payday lender, or check cashing service that charges very high fees and interest rates?

Answer 74

predatory lender

Question 75

Which US city has the highest Hispanic/Latino—white segregation index?

Answer 75

Springfield Massachusetts

Question 76

Wealth does NOT include which of the following?

Answer 76

car

Question 77

Families can have negative wealth if….

Answer 77

the total of their debts exceeds the total value of their assets. correct

Question 78

racial segregation is connection with high levels from poverty. True or False.

Answer 78

True

Question 79

What are consequences of segregation that come as a consequence of housing inequality?

Answer 79

black families in black neighborhoods are unable to build home equity and so they are far behind from white families with wealth accumulation.

Question 80

Blacks were not hit harder during the last recession. True or False.

Answer 80

False. Black people were hit harder during the last recession.

Question 81

White people have 10X the wealth as blacks. True or False.

Answer 81

True

Question 82

What five factors did Thomas Shapiro, Tatian Mcsadey, Sam Nasuro affects someone's wealth.

Answer 82

years of home ownership, household income, years of unemployment, college education, inheritances and financial support of families.

Question 83

Whites have an easier time building inheritance and that can help perpetuate equality because it passes down through generations. It's a leg up for many. True or False

Answer 83

True

Question 84

Melvin Oliver and Thomas Shapiro proposed assets based social policy. What is that?

Answer 84

It is proactive means of narrowing the wealth gap . It was a social policy that may improve some things and help with social policy. The FHA policies set the state for the wealth gap and the US has a responsibility by setting up proactive policies to fix that including structural changes, and investments.