Exam Block 1

Question 1

What is a Glial Cell?

Answer 1

Supprt for and insulation for the neurons. Including oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, shwann cells, microglia, and satellite cells.

Question 2

What is a Shwann Cell?

Answer 2

Also known as Neurolemma, this is the myelin of the PNS.

Question 3

What are Microglia?

Answer 3

Phagocytic cells; the immune cells of the CNS

Question 4

What are Oligodendrocytes?

Answer 4

Myelin of the CNS

Question 5

What are Astrocytes?

Answer 5

Support cells of the CNS; Structural; Architectural

Question 6

What are Ependymal Cells?

Answer 6

They produce cerebral spinal fluid. These cells line the CSF-filled centricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.

Question 7

What is Myelination?

Answer 7

Myelin is a lipid-rich (fatty) substance that surrounds nerve cell axons to insulate them and increase the rate at which information is passed along the axon.

Question 8

What is the myelin of the CNS?

Answer 8

Oligodendorcytes. These have many arms which canbe usedon multiple neuron bodies.

Question 9

What is the myelin of the PNS?

Answer 9

Shwann cells. Do not have multiple arms.

Question 10

Name the 5 types of Spinal nerves.

Answer 10

Cervical, Thorasic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal.

Question 11

Define Cervical.

Answer 11

C1-C8 contains cervical plexus and phrenic nerves

Question 12

Define the Cervical Plexus.

Answer 12

C1-C5

They control the skin muscles of face, neck and shoulders.

Question 13

Define Phrenic Nerves.

Answer 13

C3-C5
Nerves to the Diaphragm.
Keeps you alive andregulates respiration.

Question 14

Define Thorasic nerves.

Answer 14

T1-T12.

Contains Brachial Plexus.

Question 15

Define Brachial Plexus.

Answer 15

C5-T1

Voluntary Arm Muscle.

Question 16

Define Lubar Nerves.

Answer 16

L1-L5
Contains:
Conus Medullaris
Filum Terminale
Cauda Equina Begins
Lumbar Plexus

Question 17

Define Conus Medullaris.

Answer 17

Terminationof cord at L2.

Question 18

Define Filum Terminale.

Answer 18

Fibrous CT

Question 19

What is Cauda Equina?

Answer 19

It’s where the spinal cord begins to horse tail.

Question 20

Define Lumbar Plexus.

Answer 20

Nerves for the abdomen and upper leg.

Question 21

Define Sacral nerves.

Answer 21

S1-S5

contains the sacral plexus.

Question 22

Define the Sacral Plexus.

Answer 22

Upper, lower leg, foot and sciatic nerve.

Question 23

Define Coccygeal Nerve.

Answer 23

Nerve connected to the tail bone. Last nerve of the spinal cord.

Question 24

Name five main parts of the spinal cord.

Answer 24

White Matter- Outer
Grey Matter - Inner
Central Canal
Gray Commissures
Nerves

Question 25

Name the two parts of a spinal nerve.

Answer 25

Ventral Roots | Dorsal Roots

Question 26

What are Ventral roots incharge of?

Answer 26

Motor

Question 27

What are dorsal roots incharge of?

Answer 27

Sensory

Question 28

Name the five main sections of the brain.

Answer 28

``` Metencephalon Telecephalon Myelencephalon Medencephalon Diencephalon ```

Question 29

Name the parts and the functions of the Metencephalon.

Answer 29

``` Parts: Cerebellum FourthVentricle Foramen of Magendi Luschka Central Canal of Spinal Cord ``` Function: Cerebellum coordinates muscel movement Maintains equlibrium and posture

Question 30

Name the parts and the functions of the Telenephalon.

Answer 30

``` Parts: Rhinencephalon olfactory lobes, bulbs, tracts Cerebral Hemispheres grey matter inner/white matter outer gyrus sulcus corpus collosum lateral ventricles/formen of monroe ``` Function: smell, sight, hearing, taste, touch, speech, bod motor, sensory control, cognitive reasoning

Question 31

Name the Parts and the functions of the Myelencephalon.

Answer 31

Parts: Medulla Oblongata Functions: Control of basal body function, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure

Question 32

Name the parts and the functions of the Mesencephalon.

Answer 32

``` Parts: Corpora quadrigemina Super and Inferior Colliculi Cerebral Peduncles Cerebral Aquaduct ``` Functions: Eye and Head movement for visiom Head and trunk movements for hearing Connecting 3 and 4 ventricles.

Question 33

Name the parts and the functions of the Diencephalon.

Answer 33

``` Parts: Thalamus Hypothalamus Third Ventricle Pineal Gland Optic Chiasm Area of Brain for various body function and control ``` ``` Function: Central relay circuit for you brain Inegration of areas to cerebrum chief endocrine regulator for the body hunger, thirst, temperature, hormone control circadian rythms sleep/wake cycles Visual field/retinal pathways cross over or don't ```

Question 34

Define Chronaxie.

Answer 34

The minimum requirement for an electric current to double the strength of the rheobase to stimulate a muscle or a neuron. Rheobase is the lowest intensity with indefinite pulse duration which juststimulated muscels or nerves. The minimum amount of timeneeded to stimulate a muscle or nervefiber, using an electric current twice the strength required to elicit a threshold response.

Question 35

Define Repolarization.

Answer 35

A stage of an action potential in which the cell experiences a decrease of voltage due to the efflux of pottassium (K+) ions along its electrochemical gradient. This phase occurs after the cell reaches its highestvoltagefrom depolarization.

Question 36

Define Depolarization.

Answer 36

Na+ channels open at the beginning og the action potential, and Na+ moves into the axon causing depolarization.

Question 37

Name the 3 different types of gates during an action potential.

Answer 37

M gate, H gate, N gate

Question 38

What is the M gate specific to? And when does it open and close?

Answer 38

N/A

Question 39

What is the H gate specific to? And when does it open and close?

Answer 39

N/A

Question 40

What is the N gate specific to? And when does it open and close?

Answer 40

N/A

Question 41

What does the Axon diameter have an effect on?

Answer 41

Effective Resistance.

Question 42

Define Myelin Wraps and what they are for.

Answer 42

They are for insulation on the axon. Eack wrap effects the speed by a factor of 2 and helps to speed up the signal.

Question 43

Define Effective Resistance.

Answer 43

N/A

Question 44

Define Tetrodotoxin.

Answer 44

Poison.

Question 45

Define the types of Alpha receptors and what they are used for.

Answer 45

Alpha 1: | Alpha 2:

Question 46

Define the types of Beta receptors and what they are used for.

Answer 46

Beta 1: Beta 2: Beta 3:

Question 47

Clearly define an action potential.

Answer 47

N/A

Question 48

Define Gray Commissure.

Answer 48

A thin strip of grey matter that surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord and along with the anterior white commisure, connects the two halves of the cord.

Question 49

Define Cervical Plexus.

Answer 49

The cervical plexus is a network of nerve fibersthat supplies innervation to some of the structures in the neck and trunk.

Question 50

Define Primary Auditory Area.

Answer 50

Refers to an area of cerebral cortex defined on the basis of function, namely the perception of pue tones and pitch.

Question 51

Define Auditory Association Area.

Answer 51

An area in the temperal lobe of the brainwithin Wernicke's area near the lateral cerebral sulcus, which is critical for processing acoustic signals so they can be interpreted as speech, music or other sounds.

Question 52

Define Broca's area.

Answer 52

Involved in the expressiveaspects of spoken and written language (production of sentences constrained by the rules of grammarand syntax). It corresponds to the opercular and triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus.

Question 53

Define Prefrontal Cortex.

Answer 53

The PFC is he cerebral cortex covering the front part of the frontal lobe. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior.

Question 54

Define Osmolality.

Answer 54

The total molality (solute concentration) of water in a solution.

Question 55

Define Tonicity.

Answer 55

Describes the effect of net movement of waterdue to osmosis.

Question 56

Describe penetrating vs nonpenetrating ions.

Answer 56

N/A

Question 57

Hyperosmotic, Isoosmotic, Hypoosmotic

Answer 57

N/A

Question 58

Define Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic.

Answer 58

Hypertonic: A more concentrated (higher solute load) than inside the cell, water will move from cell to solution Causing the cell to shrink Hypotonic: A less concentrated solution, than inside the cell. Water will move from the solution into the cell Causing thecell to expand and burst. Isotonic: No net movement of water