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Microbiology > Exam Block 3 > Flashcards

Exam Block 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

L18

What functions do viruses serve?

A
  • help with ecosystems, fungi, plants
  • bacteriophages keep bacteria from taking over
  • some oncolytic properties
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2
Q

L18

Why are viruses not considered living things?

A

they cannot independently reproduce

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3
Q

L18

What three things compose a nucleocapsid/naked capsid virus?

A
  • DNA or RNA
  • structural proteins
  • enzymes & nucleic acid binding proteins
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4
Q

L18

What four things compose an enveloped virus?

A
  • DNA or RNA
  • structural proteins
  • enzymes & nucleic acid binding proteins
  • glycoproteins & a membrane
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5
Q

L18

What is the structure of an icosahedral capsid?

A

20 triangular faces and 12 vertices

soccer ball shape

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6
Q

L18

What is the structure of a helical capsid?

A

spherical core tight with specific capsid proteins

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7
Q

L19

Which viruses are resistant to acids, changes in temperature, proteases, detergents, and drying?

A

nonenveloped

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8
Q

L18

Which viruses are susceptible to acids, changes in temperatures, proteases, detergents, and drying?

A

enveloped

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9
Q

L18

Which viruses must remain wet?

A

enveloped

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10
Q

L18

What are the four ways that viruses are classified?

A
  1. structure
  2. replication
  3. location (in body)
  4. location (place of discovery)
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11
Q

L18

In what type of viruses are glycoproteins found?

A

mostly enveloped

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12
Q

L18

What is the function of surface glycoproteins / spike proteins on enveloped viruses?

A

elicit protective immunity in the host

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13
Q

L18

What are Virus Associated Pyramids/Proteins (VAPs)?

A

glycoproteins that are capable of binding to structures on target cells

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14
Q

L18

What are hemagglutinins (HAs)?

A

VAPs that bind to erythrocytes

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15
Q

L19

What are the four main routes of encounter/entry for viruses?

A
  • respiratory
  • gastrointestinal
  • transcutaneous
  • sexual
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16
Q

L19

How would a viral infection be endogenous?

A

reactivation of latent infection that was acquired exogenously

flare-up

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17
Q

L19

What is vertical spread?

A

fetal infection in utero

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18
Q

L19

What is horizontal spread?

A

between members of susceptible host population

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19
Q

L19

What is neural spread?

A

spread through nerves

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20
Q

L19

What is hematogenous spread?

A

spread through blood

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21
Q

L19

Define viremia.

A

high titer in bloodstream

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22
Q

L19

Define incubation period.

A

period between exposure to an infection and the appearance of first symptoms

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23
Q

L19

What are the two intrinsinic protective mechanisms against viral damage?

A
  • apoptosis
  • autophagy
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24
Q

L19

What is autophagy?

A

cellular stress response of viral sequestration & degredation in autophagosomes

“self-eating”

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25
# L19 What are the four extrinsic protective mechanisms against viral damage?
* barriers * innate immune responses * cell-mediated immunity * adaptive immune responses
26
# L19 What are the two types of innate immune responses?
* toll like receptors * interferon
27
# L19 Define toll like receptors.
pattern recognition receptors that identify conserved patterns in pathogens
28
# L19 Define interferons.
cytokines that inhibit viral replication by inducing the expression of cellular proteins that inhibit the protein synthesis machinery
29
# L19 What are the two types of adaptive immune responses?
* neutralizing antibodies * antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
30
# L19 Define neutralizing antibody.
antibodies that destroy the infectivity of viruses
31
# L19 Define antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
antibodies that lyse infected cells
32
# L19 Define rapid antibody testing.
specific antigens are used to capture antibodies from a patient's sample
33
# L19 Define rapid antigen testing.
specific antibodies are used to capture antigens from a patient's sample
34
# L19 Define enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
allows quantification of antibody OR antigen in solution
35
# L19 Define viral culture.
samples of a virus are placed in different cell cultures and tested for its ability to infect
36
# L19 Define serology.
diagnostic examination of blood serum to identify immune responses to pathogens
37
# L19 Define PCR testing.
identification of viral DNA or RNA in a sample
38
# L19 Define acute infection.
virus undergoes multiple rounds of replication, results in death of host cells OR successful control of virus
39
# L19 Define chronic infection.
virus particles continue to shed after acute illness sometimes without host death, host does not successful control virus
40
# L19 What type of viruses typically cause chronic infection?
RNA viruses
41
# L19 Define latent infection.
does not result in production of progeny viruses, host may or may not have controlled virus depending on stage
42
# L19 What type of viruses typically cause latent infections?
DNA viruses or retroviruses
43
# L19 Define virucidal agent.
one that kills viruses
44
# L19 Which 10 viruses are treatable with antiviral drugs?
* HSV * VZV * cytomegalovirus * HIV * influenza A&B * RSV * hepatitis B&C * adenovirus * papillomavirus * SARS-CoV-2
45
# L19 What occurs in the early phase of viral replication?
virus recognizes appropriate cells, attaches, penetrates and is taken up by that cells where it releases its genome into the cytoplasm & is delivered to the nucleus (if needed)
46
# L19 What occurs in the late phase of viral replication?
genome replication in the desired location, viral macromolar synthesis, viral assembly & release
47
# L19 Define eclipse period of viral replication.
time of synthesizing virus proteins & nucleic acids inside host cell & ends with appearance of new virions after assembly
48
# L19 Define latent period of viral replication.
time between injection of viral genome into host cell & host cell lysis | includes eclipse period
49
# L19 How can antiviral drugs that target replication be sure to avoid damaging replicating host cells?
target the differences between the two replication cycles
50
# L19 Are antiviral drugs virucidal or virustatic?
virustatic
51
# L19 What are the nine steps of viral replication?
1. Recognition of target cell 2. Attachment 3. Penetration 4. Uncoating 5. Transcription 6. Protein Synthesis 7. Replication 8. Assembly 9. Lysis & Release OR Budding & Release
52
# L19 Define host range.
viruses that bind specific cell types may be restricted to certain species | i.e. human, mouse, pangolin, bat
53
# L19 Define tissue tropism.
virus binding to specific receptors
54
# L19 How do enveloped viruses attach to host cells?
using surface VAPs
55
# L19 How do naked viruses attach to host cells?
surface-exposed capsid regions
56
# L19 What is the MOA for neutralizing antibodies?
bind & neutralize VAPs
57
# L19 What is the MOA for antibody receptor antagonists?
blocks/dampens biological response by binding to & blocking a receptor
58
# L19 What is the MOA for peptide analogues?
block host attachment proteins
59
# L19 What is the MOA for heparin sulfate & dextran?
interfere with viral binding on host cells for HIV and HSV
60
# L20 How are naked viruses (NOT picorna, papilloma & polyoma) internalized?
endocytosis
61
# L20 How are picorna, papilloma & polyoma viruses internalized?
viropexis
62
# L20 Define viropexus.
viruses attach to host cell and are "phagocytized"
63
# L20 How are enveloped viruses internalized?
fusion with host membrane and nucleocapsid release into cell
64
# L20 Which viral genomes must be delivered to the nucleus?
DNA genomes | EXCEPT POXVIRUSES
65
# L20 What is the MOA for enfuvirtide?
blocks HIV fusion proteins
66
# L20 What is the MOA for docosanol?
blocks HSV envelope fusion with cell membrane
67
# L20 What is the MOA for amantadine & rimantidine?
inhibits influenza A uncoating by neutralizing vesicle pH
68
# L20 What is the MOA for tromantadine?
prevents HSV penetration
69
# L20 What is the MOA for arildone?
prevents uncoating of picornaviruses by fitting into the cleft in a receptor-binding domain of the capsid to prevent disassembly of the capsid
70
# L20 What makes a viral genome an "infectious nucleic acid"?
able to initiate replication immediately upon entry into host cell
71
# L20 Which viruses have "infectious nucleic acid" genomes?
* DNA viruses (except poxvirus) * positive-sense RNA viruses
72
# L20 Which type of genetic material is NOT transient or labile?
DNA
73
# L20 Which viral genome tends to cause latent infection?
DNA viruses
74
# L20 What is the structure of nucleoside analogues?
sugar & base only
75
# L20 What is the structure of nucleotide analogues?
sugar, base & phosphate
76
# L20 What is the MOA for nucleoside analogues?
mimicking their physiological counterparts to block cellular division or viral replication by prevent chain elongation OR altering base pair recognition
77
# L20 How do nucleoside analogues prevent chain elongation?
absence of 3'-hydroxyl on the sugar
78
# L20 How do nucleoside analogues alter recognition and base pairing?
base modifiication & induction of inactiviting mutations
79
# L20 What is required for nucleoside analogues to be functional?
phosphorylation to the triphosphate form by viral or cellular enzymes
80
# L20 What is the MOA for non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors?
inhibit DNA or RNA polymerases by acting as analogues
81
# L20 Which genetic material is transient and labile?
RNA
82
# L20 Define positive-sense RNA strand.
viral genomes act as mRNA for protein synthesis, translation can begin immediately
83
# L20 Define negative-sense RNA strand.
viral genomes act as a template for synthesis of positive-sense strand, do not immediately begin translation
84
# L20 What is required for all negative-sense RNA viruses?
encode for RNA-dependent RNA polymerases
85
# L20 What is the MOA for interferons?
prevent transcription & protein synthesis by blocking machinery
86
# L20 What is the MOA for a pegylated interferon?
interferon with polyethylene glycol attached to increase potency
87
# L20 What is the MOA for antisense oligonucleotides?
small pieces of DNA or RNA bind to specific molecules of RNA to block its ability to make proteins
88
# L20 What are methods of posttranslational modification?
* phosphorylation * glycosylation * acylation * sulfation
89
# L20 What are matrix proteins (M proteins)?
lines inside of envelope and facilitate assembly of nucleocapsid into virion in enveloped viruses
90
# L20 How are naked viruses released from host cells?
through lysis
91
# L20 How are enveloped viruses released from host cells?
through budding
92
# L20 What is the MOA for protease inhibitiors?
fit into active site of enzymes and inhibit protease activity that allows for virus release
93
# L20 What is the MOA for neuraminidase?
enzyme inhibitor of neuraminidase
94
# L20 What is the MOA for ribavirin?
to promote hypermutation by acting as a guanosine analog thereby inhibit viral replication
95
# L20 What is the MOA for thymidine kinase?
adds first phosphate to acyclovir | ADJUVANT

Microbiology (4 decks)

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