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Comm 308 > exam ch 9-12 > Flashcards

exam ch 9-12 Flashcards

1
Q

oculesics

A
  • the study of how human beings communicate through the eyes

- we associate eye movement with expressions

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2
Q

gaze

A
  • an individuals looking behavior may or may not be looking at someone
  • zoning out
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3
Q

mutual gaze

A

2 people knowingly gaze at each other

- more common

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4
Q

eye contact

A
  • looking directly into someones eyes
  • less common
  • varies with other persons appearance
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5
Q

normal gazing

A

varies with background, personalities, topic, other person’s gazing pattern
- greater than 3 = awkward

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6
Q

regulating the flow of communication

A
  • visual contact occurs when we want to signal the comm channel is open
  • we look often and continue to look until we have began our interaction
  • also used to close/end communication
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7
Q

monitoring feedback

A
  • people seek feedback concerning the reactoin of others

- if someone looks at you when talking it suggests interest

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8
Q

reflecting cognitive activity

A
  • listeners and speakers tend to avoid gazing at others when processing difficult ideas
  • averted gaze often reflects a shift in attention from external to internal
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9
Q

expressing emotions

A

a glance at the eye area provides a great deal of information about emotions expressed

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10
Q

communicating the the nature of the interpersonal relationship

A
  • relationships are characterized by different status levels can be reflected in eye patterns
  • lower status show respect by gazing at higher status
  • higher status feel less of a need to gaze at lower status
  • eye contact is greater in intimate relationships
  • the closer we feel with someone the more we make eye contact with them
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11
Q

distance

A
  • gazing and mutual gazing increases as distance increases
  • decreases as we get closer to each other
  • we tend to have less visual contact when we feel too close in terms of physical closeness ex. in an elevator
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12
Q

physical characteristics

A
  • objects or people in our environment change our gaze
  • when you take in unfamiliar stimuli gaze increases
  • we condition ourselves to gaze not stare
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13
Q

personality characteristics

A
  • emotional, physical, and personality characteristics can all influence eye behavior
  • higher intelligence = more gazing
  • lower self esteem = less gazing
  • more extroverted, agreeable, or open = more gazing
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14
Q

topics and tasks

A
  • if a topic is happy or more upbeat = more gazing
  • if engaged in an intimate conversation with someone we do not have an intimate relationship with we tend to look away. ex. doctor
  • if we are trying to persuade someone we engage in more gazing
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15
Q

cultural background and racial attiudes

A
  • eye behavior varies according to the environment in which we learn social norms
  • western cultures (USA) some eye contact is desired between high and low status
  • eastern cultures (Japan) eye contact between high and low status could be viewed as disrespectful
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16
Q

pupil dialation

A

pupil increases in size

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17
Q

pupil constriction

A

pupil decreases in size

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18
Q

pupil dilation and constriction

A
  • often times social implications can be derived from these behaviors
  • sometimes hard to see
  • dilate when interested but not very accurate
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19
Q

deception

A

an intentional act in which sender knowingly transmit a message to mislead another by fostering false impressions, beliefs, or understandings

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20
Q

the pervasiveness of deception

A
  • people like 1-2 times a day (big lies)
  • 10 - 15 small lies
  • deception is a part of everyday life
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21
Q

nature of nonverbal deception

A
  • humans use deception for positive and negative reasons
  • deception can ruin relationships
  • hard to gain back trust
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22
Q

self focused motives of deception

A
  • protect self image

- maintain privacy

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23
Q

partner focused motives of deception

A
  • helping a target

- protect a partners emotions (friends/family)

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24
Q

relationship focused motives of deception

A
  • avoid conflict
  • avoid relational break up
  • avoid violating roles
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25
Q

evolutionary perspective of deception

A
  • as a species we learn to use deception as a survival mechanism
  • natural inclination to protect selves and family
  • survival of the fittest. people better at detecting lies or making lies are favored
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26
Q

the leakage hypothesis of deception

A
  • deception os associated with various internal physiological responses
  • are measurable/noticeable
  • deceivers try to compensate for tells
  • receivers try to notice tells
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27
Q

interpersonal deception theory

A
  • places great emphasis on social interactions and process oriented deception
  • the more we interact the more we hear is true
  • deception happens in interactions and is based on contact and people
28
Q

self presentation theory of deception

A
  • argues that deception is used to bolster credibility
  • gives a positive impression
  • deception is used as a communicative strategy
29
Q

functions of lying

A
  • to save face
  • avoid tension in conflict
  • guide social interactions
  • expand or reduce relationships
  • impression formation
30
Q

culture

A

collective cultures value other face needs more than self face needs
- individualistic cultures prefer more cinfrontation

31
Q

age

A

older people generally better at telling and detecting lies

- more experience. trial and error

32
Q

sex

A

men perceive deceit as more acceptable than women. also use it for impression management
- fairly equal in terms of number of lies

33
Q

personality

A

extraverts tend to lie the most

34
Q

communication skills

A

successful liars tend to have better communication skills

35
Q

detection deception

A
  • no one behavior is indicative of lying

- Liars: smile less, have more hesitations, more speech errors

36
Q

lying may generate an emotional response

A
  • anger - negative response to innocent question
  • guilt - looking away for long periods of time
  • unease - more fidgeting
37
Q

stereotypes of liars

A
  • decrease in eye contact

- liars may compensate for this stereotype which may lead to too much eye contact

38
Q

accuracy

A
  • humans believe they are accurate decoders of deception. they are not.
  • accurate 50% of the time
  • we are more accurate with people we know, unless they lied to us before (skepticism)
39
Q

duping delight

A
  • occurs when liars feel pleasure when they lie or deceive successfully
  • may be reflected in a smile at the wrong time
  • micro expressions last for a fraction of a second and show concealed emotions
40
Q

the importance of social relationships

A
  • social interactions are critical to everyday functioning
  • isolation is one of the most severe forms of punishment
  • 80% of interactions are nonverbal
41
Q

communicating intimacy groups

A
  • romantic courtship (romantic relationship)
  • non romantic courtship (family/friends)
  • closeness with strangers and acquaintances
  • closeness with well established relationships
42
Q

courtship behaviors

A
  • approach - getting two people in the same proximity
  • acknowledge - nonverbal invitation to begin talking
  • talk - increase in touching behaviors and eye gaze, more synchrony in nonverbal cues
43
Q

courtship readiness

A
  1. begin to prepare your body for the interaction. stand up straight, straighten shoulders
44
Q

Preening behaviors

A
  1. indicated by things like stroking your hair, rearranging make-up, adjusting clothing
45
Q

actions of appeal and incitation

A
  1. includes flirtatious glances, gaze holding, crossing the legs to expose a thigh
46
Q

committed romantic relationships

A
  • lots of nonverbals in beginning (kiss, hug, hold hands)
  • as time goes on nonverbals decrease
  • the quality of the act becomes more important than the quantity
  • can model each others characteristics
47
Q

using nonverbal comm to recognize romantic problems

A
  1. extended proxemics (far apart)
  2. decreased touching
  3. minimal eye contact
48
Q

platonic relationships of male/female combos

A 
adv
- interpersonally rewarding
- women say they are more enjoyable
dis
- underlying sexual tension
- more likely to experience misunderstandings
49
Q

issues with cross-sex friends

A
  • uncertain norms for proxemic zones (decreases over time)

- social perceptions of norms are different per sex

50
Q

same sex friendships

A
  • not characterized by sexual tensions

- different with power/resources

51
Q

male/male friendships

A
  • associated with competitiveness and dominance
  • typically task oriented. build around sharing activities
  • larger space, low eye contact, low touching
52
Q

female/female friendships

A
  • high emotional connections
  • positive social support
  • close proxemics, mutual gazing, touching behaviors, relational gestures
53
Q

understanding stress

A
  • refers to a combination of thoughts and worries which negatively affect the body
  • can be short term or long term
54
Q

emotional effects of stress

A

stress changes how we feel about certain situations

55
Q

behavioral effects of stress

A
  • avoidance - avoid certain behaviors entirely. stop hanging out w/ friends
  • extremes - engage in certain behaviors in excess. binge drinking
56
Q

physical effects of stress

A

can cause noticeable problems to out bodies. lower immune system, eye bags

57
Q

common sources of stress for college students and young adults

A
  • negative situations (stressors) - tests, bills
  • positive situations - uncertainty - weddings, graduation, vacation
  • personality - some personality traits gives people more stress. anxiety, OCD
  • second hand stress - we become stressed when people in our lives are stressed
58
Q

nonverbal cues that communicate stress

A
  • less smiling
  • poor body posture
  • lack of eye contact
  • slower or less frequent gestures
  • decreased touching
  • less groomed
59
Q

how to cope with stress

A
  • increase human contact
  • strategic facial expressions (forcing a smile)
  • larger proxemic zones. take a walk
60
Q

difficulties processing nonverbal communication

A

difficulties in

  • perception
  • coordination
  • socialization
61
Q

autism

A
  • a complex mental condition that is present from early childhood
  • difficulty in: communicating with other people, understanding abstract ideas
  • repetitive verbal and nonverbal behaviors
  • gestures and eye contact are critical growing up
62
Q

aspergers syndrome

A
  • inability to demonstrate empathy toward other people and general social awkwardness
  • difficulty with back and forth conversations, they lack eye contact, have problems making personal relationships
  • linked with social isolation and lack of adult friendships
63
Q

bipolar personality

A
  • moods range from extreme highs to extreme lows
  • characterized by cycles of behavioral and emotional changes that are reflected by impulsive behaviors, irritability, and decreased need for sleep
  • nonverbals can be erratic and unpredictable
64
Q

ADHD

A
  • typical symptoms: difficulty staying focused/ paying attention, difficulty controlling certain behaviors, and general hyperactivity
  • associated NV behaviors: increased fidgeting and gestures, difficulty maintaining eye contact
65
Q

alexithymia

A
  • inability to identify, define, and describe emotions
  • dysfunctions in emotional awareness, self control, social attachment, and ability to relate with others
  • unable to use NVC to express emotions

Comm 308 (4 decks)

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