Exam Cram Pack Flashcards
(193 cards)
0
Q
Type II error.
A
Missing the difference between two groups.
1
Q
Type I error
A
Falsely finding difference between two groups.
2
Q
Sensitivity formula
A
TP/(TP + FN)
3
Q
Specificity formula
A
TN/(TN + FP)
4
Q
Prevalence formula
A
(TP + FN)/(TP + FN + TN + FP)
5
Q
Positive Predictive Value formula
A
TP/(TP + FP)
6
Q
Negative Predictive Value
A
TN/(TN + FN)
7
Q
Probability formula
A
Odds/ (1 + odds)
8
Q
Odds formula
A
Probability/ (1 - probability)
9
Q
Absolute Risk
A
Patients with event/ Total patients
10
Q
Absolute Risk Reduction
A
Control event rate - experimental event rate
11
Q
Absolute risk increase
A
Experimental event rate - control event rate
12
Q
Relative Risk
A
Experimental event rate/ control event rate
13
Q
Relative risk reduction or increase.
A
Absolute risk/ control event rate
14
Q
Number needed to treat or harm
A
1/absolute risk
15
Q
Mammogram age
A
50 - 74 years
16
Q
AAA screen age
A
65 - 75
17
Q
Bone density age
A
More than 65 years
18
Q
Zoster vaccine age
A
60 years
19
Q
Pneumococcus vaccine age
A
65 years
20
Q
Do hip protectors prevent hip fractures?
A
No
21
Q
Hyperbaric oxygen effective in treating pressure ulcers?
A
No
22
Q
Pre-op before lung resection
A
Diagnostic spirometry.
OSA screen
23
Q
Clopidogrel and surgery
A
Stop 5 - 7 days before surgery
24
Most important survival tool in cancer
Performance status
25
Duration of chronic cough and next step
> 8 weeks.
| Chest radiograph.
26
Treatment of BPPV
Epley maneuver
27
Treatment of non self limiting vestibular neuritis
Steroid
28
Treatment of Meneire's disease
Thiazide diuretics
29
HLD screening for males
> 35 years
30
HLD screening for females
> 45 years
31
Risk factors for heart disease
1. Age: women over 55, men over 45
2. HTN
3. Smoking
4. HDL < 40
5. Family history: male less than 55, woman less than 65
32
Coronary disease or risk equivalent.
| What LDL to treat?
100 mg/dl or more
33
0 - 1 risk factors.
| LDL to treat
190 or more
34
Intermediate risk with 2 or more risk factors
| LDL to treat
160 mg/dl or over
35
High risk; with 2 or more risk factors
| LDL to treat
130 mg/dl or more
36
Defination of obesity
BMI over 30
37
Which obesity drug is contraindicated in hypertension?
Sibutramine
38
Name two obesity drugs
Orlistat
| Sibutramine
39
What is pre-hypertension?
120-139/80-89
40
Stage 1 HTN
140-159/90-99
41
Stage 2 HTN
>160/>100
42
GFR < 30
| Which diuretic more effective as anti-HTN med?
Loop diuretic
43
```
LDL goal
High risk (CHD or equivalent)
```
100 mg/dl or less
44
Intermediate (>2 risk factors)
| LDL goal
130 mg/dl or less
45
```
Low risk (0-1 risk factors)
LDL goal
```
160 mg/dl or less
46
How fast should you lose weight?
1-2 pounds per week
47
Absent cremasteric reflex.
| Diagnosis likely?
Testicular torsion
48
Treatment of chronic prostatitis
Alpha blockers
49
Leading cause of infertility in males.
Varicocele
50
What's the pro-drug for morphine?
Codeine
51
Weber test
Tuning fork on forehead
| 256 Hz
52
Rinne test
Tuning fork on mastoid process
| 512 Hz
53
Can presbycusis cause tinnitus
Yes
54
Rheumatic fever bacteria
Group A hemolytic streptococcus pyogenes
55
Lemierre's disease
| Infectious thrombophlebitis of jugular vein
Fusobacterium necrophorum
56
Pharyngitis with conjunctivitis
Adenovirus
57
Is post streptococcal glomerulonephritis preventable with antibiotics?
No
58
Treatment of strep throat
Penicillin G
59
Treatment of influenza
Oseltamivir
| Zanamivir
60
Osler-Webb-Rendu
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias
61
Nasal packing in case of nose bleed.
| What antibiotic coverage required to be in place?
Staphylococcus coverage.
62
Treatment of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.
Penicillin plus metronidazole.
Or
Clindamycin.
63
Treatment of Ludwig's Angina.
Ampicillin/Sulbactam, penicillin, and metronidazole.
64
Treatment of Lemierre's disease.
Penicillin or clindamycin.
Abcess drainage.
Anticoagulation recommended.
65
Oral cancer treatment.
Resection and radiotherapy
66
Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma at tongue base.
Chemoradiotherapy.
67
Treatment of glossadynia.
Alpha-lipoic acid.
| Clonazepam.
68
Treatment oral lichen planus.
Reduce inflammation with corticosteroids, cyclosporine s, and retinoids.
69
Treatment of hairy cell leukoplakia (usually in HIV)
Zidovudine or Acyclovir.
70
What kind of hearing loss do you have in acoustic neuroma?
Sensorineural hearing loss.
71
If a patient presents with similar symptoms 7 days after being treated with IM ceftriaxone for gonorrhea, what should you suspect?
Re-infection.
| Needs treatment again.
72
What kind of anesthesia is needed for cataract surgery?
MAC usually.
| General surgery is rare.
73
What do you do with the anti-coagulation in cataract surgery?
Can usually be continued.
74
What kind of diabetic eye disease is the most common cause of visual impairment?
Diabetic maculopathy
75
When do you start screening for diabetic retinopathy in type 1?
3 - 5 years after diagnosis.
76
When do you start screening for diabetic retinopathy in type 2?
Immediately after diagnosis.
77
Most common infectious cause of corneal blindness.
Herpes simplex keratitis
78
Linear branching corneal ulcer on fluorescein stain.
Dendritic
| Herpes simplex keratitis
79
Treatment for herpes simplex keratitis.
Topical ganciclovir
80
Most common opportunistic ocular infection in AiDS
CMV retinitis
81
Bilateral ocular discomfort, irritation, crusting of lashes, worse in the morning with remissions and exacerbations.
Diagnosis?
Blepharitis
82
Treatment of blepharitis
Oral tetracyclines
Topical antibiotics and steroids
Warm compresses and eyelid scrubs
83
Foreign body sensation, burning, tearing. Typically worse at end of day.
Corneal fluorescein staining shows fine diffuse erosions.
Diagnosis?
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
84
Treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
Artificial tears
| Topical cyclosporine
85
Precautions in viral conjunctivitis.
Avoid close contact with people 7 - 14 days.
86
Mucopurulent discharge from eye. And eyelashes sticking together.
Bacterial conjunctivitis.
S. pneumoniae
S. aureus
H. influenza
87
Papillae (red dots) on conjunctival lining of eyelid.
| Diagnosis
Allergic conjunctivitis
88
Treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.
Topical antihistamine/mast cell stabilizers
89
Treatment of scleritis
Peri ocular steroid injections, systemic steroids or immunosuppressants.
90
Treatment of episcleritis.
Topical NSAIDS or steroids.
91
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
| Associated with?
Giant cell arteritis
92
Treatment of chemical burns to the eye.
Immediate copious irrigation.
93
Which oral medication can stop an attack of angle closure glaucoma?
Acetazolamide.
94
Medications that decrease efficacy of hormonal contraceptives.
```
Griseofulvin
Rifampin
Carbamazepine
Phenobarbital
Dilantin
Oxycarbazepine
Bosentan
```
95
Treatment of trichomoniasis.
Metronidazole.
| Also treat partner.
96
Dyspareneuia + dysmenorrhea + infertility.
| Diagnosis?
Endometriosis.
97
Bloody nipple discharge.
| Diagnosis?
Intraductal papilloma.
98
Do most patients with atopic dermatitis have a food allergy?
No.
99
Topical treatment of psoriasis.
Vitamin D3 analogues.
Tazarotene.
Topical steroids.
100
What is the systemic treatment for psoriasis?
Methotrexate
Cyclosporine
Biologics: etanercept, infliximab
101
Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis
Topical steroids
Ketoconazole
Topical tacrolimus/pimecrolimus
102
Herald patch
Pityriasis Rosea
103
Christmas tree distribution
Pityriasis Rosea
104
Percentage of skin involvement in Steven Johnson's syndrome.
10 - 30%
105
Percentage of skin involvement in toxic epidermal necrolysis.
More than 30%
106
Treatment of hidradenitis.
```
Acute painful lesion inject intralesional triamcinolone.
Oral antibiotics (rifampin + clindamycin > tetracycline)
Oral retinoids.
```
107
Which tetracycline can you use in renal failure?
Doxycycline
108
Difference between acne and rosacea.
Acne has comedones; rosacea does not.
109
What's the number 1 cause of tinea versicolor?
Malassezia globosa.
110
Spaghetti and meatballs.
| Diagnosis?
Tinea versicolor
111
Treatment of tinea versicolor.
Topical antifungals
| Selenium sulfide-containing shampoos.
112
Hypo or hyperpigmented macules on the trunk and arms (spares face)
Wood's lamp yellow.
Diagnosis?
Tinea versicolor.
113
Treatment of tinea nigra
Topical -azole
114
Treatment of severe tinea capitis with kerion (boggy, oozing inflammatory reaction).
Oral fluconazole and prednisone.
115
Immunosuppressed patient with papules and pustules in hair-bearing areas. Indurated, pink plaque.
Diagnosis?
Majocchi granuloma.
| T. rubrum and T. Tonsurans
116
Treatment of majocchi granuloma.
Systemic antifungals.
117
Treatment of anthrax.
Penicillin
| Ciprofloxacin or Doxycycline.
118
Treatment of Borrelia/Lyme
Doxycycline
119
Borrelia/Lyme in children and pregnant women.
| Treatment.
Amoxicillin
120
What immune problem predisposes to meningococcemia?
Complement deficiencies.
| C3 - C5
121
Treatment of meningococcemia.
IV penicillin or ceftriaxone.
122
Plaques on external nares.
Mikulicz cells on pathology.
Diagnosis?
Klebsiella pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis
123
Treatment of rhinoscleromatis.
Ciprofloxacin
124
Organism causing ecthyma gangrenosum.
P. aeruginosa.
125
Green nails.
| Organism?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
126
Hot tub folliculitis.
| Organism?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
127
Q fever.
| Organism?
Coxiella burnetii
128
Treatment of rickettsial diseases.
Tetracyclines.
| Doxycycline preferred.
129
Treatment for leprosy.
Dapsone
Rifampin
Clofazimime
130
Name rapid growing atypical mycobacterium.
M. abscessus.
M. chelonei.
M. fortuitum
131
Treatment of Mycobacterium marinum.
Minocycline.
132
Sharply erythematous marginated patches. Wood's lamp shows coral red florescence.
Diagnosis.
Organism.
Treatment.
Erythrasma.
Corynebacterium minutissimum.
Topical benzoyl peroxide gel and macrolide/tetracycline.
133
Honey colored crusts.
Diagnosis.
Organism.
Treatment.
Impetigo
Strep pyogenes / Staph aureus
Benzyl peroxide, dicloxacillin / vancomycin.
134
```
Very ill patient: necrotic ulcer with erythematous rim.
Associated with hot tub folliculitis.
Diagnosis.
Organism.
Treatment.
```
Ecthyma gangrenosum.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Ciprofloxacin, meropenem, imipenem, piperacillin.
135
Explosive superinfection around central face with swelling and erythema.
Diagnosis
Organism
Treatment
Erysipelas.
Strep pyogenes
Erythromycin, clarithromycin, cephalosporin and clindamycin.
136
What organism cause infectious mononucleosis.
EBV
137
Treatment of primary syphilis.
Penicillin.
138
Treatment of chancroid.
Azithromycin
Ceftriaxone
Ciprofloxacin
Erythromycin
139
"School of fish" on gram or giemsa stain.
Soft, painful, tender chancre.
Diagnosis?
Chancroid.
| H. ducreyi.
140
Donnovan bodies - safety pin shaped intracytoplasmic inclusions in macrophages.
Diagnosis and treatment.
Granuloma Inguinale
| TMP-SMX, doxycycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin.
141
Painless, soft lesion that heals spontaneously.
Secondary inguinal adenopathy, fluctuant, tender nodes.
Diagnosis and treatment.
```
Lymphogranuloma venereum (Chlamydia trachomatis)
Doxycycline.
```
142
Treatment of gonorrhea.
Ceftriaxone.
143
Treatment of leishmaniasis.
Pentavalent antimony/sodium stibogluconate.
144
What's the number 1 cause of acquired blindness worldwide?
River blindness.
| Onchocerciasis
145
Treatment of scabies.
Permethrin cream 5%
| Ivermectin oral
146
Which antibody is associated with Annular SLE?
Anti-Ro antibody
147
What are the two top causes of mortality in scleroderma?
1. Lung disease.
| 2. Scleroderma renal crisis.
148
Which antibody is positive in mixed connective tissue disease?
Anti U1-RNP
149
First disease - Rubeola/measles.
| Virus?
Paramyxovirus.
150
Second disease - Scarlet fever
| Organism?
Streptococcus.
151
Third disease - Rubella/German measles
| Virus?
Togavirus
152
Fourth disease - Duke's disease.
| Virus?
Not specific
153
Fifth disease - Erythema infectiosum
| Virus?
Parvovirus B19
154
Sixth disease - Roseola/Exanthem subitum.
| Virus?
HHV - 6/7
155
What medications cause psoriasis flares?
Withdrawal of systemic steroids.
Interferon.
ACE inhibitors.
Antimalarial drugs
156
What is eruptive seborrheic keratosis (Lesar Trelat) associated with?
Gastric carcinoma.
157
What kind of MRI image do multiple sclerosis flares show up on?
T2 FLAIR
158
What kind of MRI image does a stroke show up well on?
Diffusion weighted imaging.
159
Parkinson's disease + autonomic features.
Multiple system atrophy.
160
Parkinson's disease + difficulty with upward gaze.
Progressive supra nuclear palsy.
161
Parkinson's disease + alien hand syndrome (they think their limb is not theirs)
Corticobasal degeneration.
162
Wacky, wobbly, wet.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus.
163
Anti-Ri antibody
Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome
164
Anti-Yo antibody
Subacute cerebellar cortical degeneration syndrome
165
Treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Riluzole
166
Concussion - Loss of consciousness.
| Return to play in?
1 - 2 weeks
167
Concussion - no loss of consciousness.
| Return to play in?
1 week
168
Concussion - symptoms resolve in less than 15 seconds.
| Return to play in?
Immediately.
169
Is photosensitivity a feature of chlorpromazine?
Yes.
170
How long after cessation of alcohol does delirium tremens usually begin?
72 hours after cessation of drinking.
171
How much does sodium fall with every 100 mg/dl rise in blood glucose?
1.6 meq/l
172
What should you suspect if the urine pH is above 5.5 in the setting of metabolic acidosis?
Renal tubular acidosis.
173
What medication can be used to treat SIADH?
Conivaptan
174
Contraindications for conivaptan.
Heart failure.
| Cirrhosis.
175
Formula for free water deficit.
TBW x ((plasma sodium/140) - 1)
176
Easy formula for metabolic acidosis compensation.
PCO2 = HCO3 + 15.
Or
Last digits of pH
177
Easy formula for metabolic alkalosis compensation.
PCO2 = HCO3 + 15.
| pCO2 increases 7 mmHg for each 10 meq/l bicarb increase
178
Respiratory acidosis compensation
Acute: HCO3 increases by 1 meq/l for each 10 mmHg in pCO2
Chronic: HCO3 increases by 4 meq/l for each 10 mmHg in pCO2
179
Respiratory alkalosis compensation.
Acute: HCO3 decreases by 2 meq/l for each 10 mmHg increase in pCO2.
Chronic: HCO3 decreases by 4 meq/l for each 10 mmHg increase in pCO2.
180
Calculated osmolality formula.
2 x Na + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8
181
Negative urine anion gap.
| Etiology?
Extra-renal cause.
182
Positive urine anion gap.
| Etiology?
Renal tubular disorders.
183
Kidney stones in acidic urine?
Uris acid
| Cystine
184
Kidney stones in alkaline urine?
Struvite
| Calcium phosphate
185
Hemoglobin goal in CKD.
10 - 11 g/dl
186
Treatment of steroid resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
Cyclosporine and tacrolimus.
187
Treatment of IgA nephropathy.
ACE inhibitors.
ARBs
Fish oil
If severe then corticosteroids
188
Treatment of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
Supportive; fluid, salt restriction.
| Diuretics
189
Treatment of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease.
Plasmapheresis.
| Cyclophosphamide and prednisone.
190
How much proteinuria for nephrotic syndrome?
More than 3.5g/24h
191
Philadelphia chromosome
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
192
What factors protect against ovarian cancer?
Pregnancy
OCPs
Oophorectomy
Lactation
