Exam four (Chapter 10, 20, 21)

Question 1

capital flight

Answer 1

the movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources

Question 2

chattel slavery

Answer 2

a form of slavery in which one person owns another person

Question 3

core nations

Answer 3

dominant capitalist countries

Question 4

debt accumulation

Answer 4

the buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to
fund their expansion or growth goals

Question 5

debt bondage

Answer 5

the act of people pledging themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage, and are
subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom

Question 6

deindustrialization

Answer 6

the loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations
where the costs are lower

Question 7

dependency theory

Answer 7

a theory which states that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and
semi-peripheral nations by core nations

Question 8

extreme poverty

Answer 8

the state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities

Question 9

first world

Answer 9

a term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies

Question 10

fourth world

Answer 10

a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the
world stage

Question 11

GINI coefficient

Answer 11

a measure of income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale, in which 1
represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality

Question 12

global feminization of poverty

Answer 12

pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of
the burden of poverty

Question 13

global inequality

Answer 13

the concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority

Question 14

global stratification

Answer 14

the unequal distribution of resources between countries

Question 15

gross national income (GNI)

Answer 15

the income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus
income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country

Question 16

modernization theory

Answer 16

a theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by
industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes towards work

Question 17

peripheral nations

Answer 17

nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little
industrialization

Question 18

relative poverty

Answer 18

the state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the
country

Question 19

second world

Answer 19

a term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards
of living

Question 20

semi-peripheral nations

Answer 20

in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major
source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace

Question 21

subjective poverty

Answer 21

a state of poverty composed of many dimensions, subjectively present when one’s actual
income does not meet one’s expectations

Question 22

third world

Answer 22

a term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, unindustrialized countries

Question 23

underground economy

Answer 23

an unregulated economy of labor and goods that operates outside of governance,
regulatory systems, or human protections

Question 24

sustainable development

Answer 24

development that occurs without depleting or damaging the natural environment

Question 25

asylum-seekers

Answer 25

those whose claim to refugee status have not been validated

Question 26

cancer cluster

Answer 26

a geographic area with high levels of cancer within its population

Question 27

carrying capacity

Answer 27

the amount of people that can live in a given area considering the amount of available resources

Question 28

climate change

Answer 28

long-term shifts in temperature and climate due to human activity

Question 29

concentric zone model

Answer 29

a model of human ecology that views cities as a series of circular rings or zones

Question 30

cornucopian theory

Answer 30

a theory that asserts human ingenuity will rise to the challenge of providing adequate resources for a growing population

Question 31

demographic transition theory

Answer 31

a theory that describes four stages of population growth, following patterns that connect birth and death rates with stages of industrial development

Question 32

demography

Answer 32

the study of population

Question 33

e-waste

Answer 33

the disposal of broken, obsolete, and worn-out electronics

Question 34

environmental racism

Answer 34

the burdening of economically and socially disadvantaged communities with a disproportionate share of environmental hazards

Question 35

environmental sociology

Answer 35

the sociological subfield that addresses the relationship between humans and the environment

Question 36

exurbs

Answer 36

communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents of high socioeconomic status

Question 37

fertility rate

Answer 37

a measure noting the actual number of children born

Question 38

fracking

Answer 38

hydraulic fracturing, a method used to recover gas and oil from shale by drilling down into the earth and directing a high-pressure mixture of water, sand, and proprietary chemicals into the rock

Question 39

gentrification

Answer 39

the entry of upper- and middle-class residents to city areas or communities that have been historically less affluent

Question 40

human ecology

Answer 40

a functional perspective that looks at the relationship between people and their built and natural environment

Question 41

internally displaced person

Answer 41

someone who fled his or her home while remaining inside the country’s borders

Question 42

Malthusian theory

Answer 42

a theory asserting that population is controlled through positive checks (war, famine, disease) and preventive checks (measures to reduce fertility)

Question 43

megalopolis

Answer 43

a large urban corridor that encompasses several cities and their surrounding suburbs and exurbs

Question 44

metropolis

Answer 44

the area that includes a city and its suburbs and exurbs

Question 45

mortality rate

Answer 45

a measure of the number of people in a population who die

Question 46

NIMBY

Answer 46

“Not In My Back Yard,” the tendency of people to protest poor environmental practices when those practices will affect them directly

Question 47

pollution

Answer 47

the introduction of contaminants into an environment at levels that are damaging

Question 48

population composition

Answer 48

a snapshot of the demographic profile of a population based on fertility, mortality, and migration rates

Question 49

population pyramid

Answer 49

a graphic representation that depicts population distribution according to age and sex

Question 50

refugee

Answer 50

an individual who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

Question 51

sex ratio

Answer 51

the ratio of men to women in a given population

Question 52

suburbs

Answer 52

the communities surrounding cities, typically close enough for a daily commute

Question 53

urban sociology

Answer 53

the subfield of sociology that focuses on the study of urbanization

Question 54

urbanization

Answer 54

the study of the social, political, and economic relationships of cities

Question 55

white flight

Answer 55

the migration of economically secure white people from racially mixed urban areas toward the suburbs

Question 56

zero population growth

Answer 56

a theoretical goal in which the number of people entering a population through birth or immigration is equal to the number of people leaving it via death or emigration

Question 57

acting crowds

Answer 57

crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal

Question 58

alternative movements

Answer 58

social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in individuals

Question 59

assembling perspective

Answer 59

a theory that credits individuals in crowds as behaving as rational thinkers and views crowds as engaging in purposeful behavior and collective action

Question 60

casual crowds

Answer 60

people who share close proximity without really interacting

Question 61

collective behavior

Answer 61

a noninstitutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage

Question 62

conventional crowds

Answer 62

people who come together for a regularly scheduled event

Question 63

crowd

Answer 63

a fairly large number of people who share close proximity

Question 64

crowdsourcing

Answer 64

the process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people

Question 65

diagnostic framing

Answer 65

a the social problem that is stated in a clear, easily understood manner

Question 66

emergent norm theory

Answer 66

a perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behavior

Question 67

expressive crowds

Answer 67

crowds who share opportunities to express emotions

Question 68

flash mob

Answer 68

a large group of people who gather together in a spontaneous activity that lasts a limited amount of time

Question 69

frame alignment process

Answer 69

using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement

Question 70

mass

Answer 70

a relatively large group with a common interest, even if they may not be in close proximity

Question 71

modernization

Answer 71

the process that increases the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies

Question 72

motivational framing

Answer 72

a call to action

Question 73

new social movement theory

Answer 73

a theory that attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to understand using traditional social movement theories

Question 74

NGO

Answer 74

nongovernmental organizations working globally for numerous humanitarian and environmental causes

Question 75

prognostic framing

Answer 75

social movements that state a clear solution and a means of implementation

Question 76

public

Answer 76

an unorganized, relatively diffuse group of people who share ideas

Question 77

reform movements

Answer 77

movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure

Question 78

religious/redemptive movements

Answer 78

movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals

Question 79

resistance movements

Answer 79

those who seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure

Question 80

resource mobilization theory

Answer 80

a theory that explains social movements’ success in terms of their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals

Question 81

revolutionary movements

Answer 81

movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society

Question 82

social change

Answer 82

e change in a society created through social movements as well as through external factors like environmental shifts or technological innovations

Question 83

social movement

Answer 83

a purposeful organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal

Question 84

social movement industry

Answer 84

the collection of the social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goals

Question 85

social movement organization

Answer 85

a single social movement group

Question 86

social movement sector

Answer 86

the multiple social movement industries in a society, even if they have widely varying constituents and goals

Question 87

value-added theory

Answer 87

a functionalist perspective theory that posits that several preconditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur