Exam two (Chapter 3, 5, 7, 8, 14) Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
alarm reaction
A
first stage of the general adaptation syndrome; characterized as the body’s immediate physiological reaction to a threatening situation or some other emergency; analogous to the fight-or-flight response.
2
Q
beliefs
A
tenets or convictions that people hold to be true
3
Q
cortisol
A
stress hormone released by the adrenal glands when encountering a stressor; helps to provide a
boost of energy, thereby preparing the individual to take action
4
Q
countercultures
A
groups that reject and oppose society’s widely accepted cultural patterns
5
Q
culture
A
shared beliefs, values, and practices
6
Q
culture lag
A
the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture’s
acceptance of it
7
Q
diffusion
A
the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another
8
Q
discoveries
A
things and ideas found from what already exists
9
Q
distress
A
bad form of stress; usually high in intensity; often leads to exhaustion, fatigue, feeling burned out;
associated with erosions in performance and health
10
Q
eustress
A
good form of stress; low to moderate in intensity; associated with positive feelings, as well as
optimal health and performance
11
Q
fight-or-flight response
A
set of physiological reactions (increases in blood pressure, heart rate, respiration
rate, and sweat) that occur when an individual encounters a perceived threat; these reactions are
produced by activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system
12
Q
folkways
A
direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture
13
Q
formal norms
A
established, written rules
14
Q
general adaptation syndrome
A
Hans Selye’s three-stage model of the body’s physiological reactions to stress
and the process of stress adaptation: alarm reaction, stage of resistance, and stage of exhaustion
15
Q
globalization
A
the integration of international trade and finance markets
16
Q
health psychology
A
subfield of psychology devoted to studying psychological influences on health, illness,
and how people respond when they become ill
17
Q
high culture
A
the cultural patterns of a society’s elite
18
Q
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
A
set of structures found in both the limbic system
(hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary gland and adrenal glands) that regulate many of the
body’s physiological reactions to stress through the release of hormones
19
Q
ideal culture
A
the standards a society would like to embrace and live up to
20
Q
informal norms
A
casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to
21
Q
innovations
A
new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time
22
Q
inventions
A
a combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms
23
Q
language
A
a symbolic system of communication
24
Q
mores
A
the moral views and principles of a group
25
norms
the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured
26
popular culture
mainstream, widespread patterns among a society’s population
27
primary appraisal
judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might
entail
28
real culture
the way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists
29
sanctions
a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors
30
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
the way that people understand the world based on their form of language
31
secondary appraisal
judgment of options available to cope with a stressor and their potential effectiveness
32
social control
a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms
33
society
people who live in a definable community and who share a culture
34
stage of exhaustion
third stage of the general adaptation syndrome; the body’s ability to resist stress
becomes depleted; illness, disease, and even death may occur
35
stage of resistance
second stage of the general adaptation syndrome; the body adapts to a stressor for a
period of time
36
stress
process whereby an individual perceives and responds to events that one appraises as overwhelming
or threatening to one’s well-being
37
stressors
environmental events that may be judged as threatening or demanding; stimuli that initiate the
stress process
38
subcultures
groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society’s majority, even as the
members exist within a larger society
39
symbols
gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who
share a culture
40
values
a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society
41
anticipatory socialization
the way we prepare for future life roles
42
degradation ceremony
the process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old
identities and are given new ones
43
generalized other
the common behavioral expectations of general society
44
hidden curriculum
the informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms
45
moral development
the way people learn what is “good” and “bad” in society
46
nature
the influence of our genetic makeup on self-development
47
nurture
the role that our social environment plays in self-development
48
peer group
a group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests
49
resocialization
the process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their
place
50
self
a person’s distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction
51
socialization
the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept
society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values
52
conflict theory
a theory that examines social and economic factors as the causes of criminal deviance
53
control theory
a theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that
deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society
54
corporate crime
crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment
55
corrections system
the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted
of, or sentenced for criminal offenses
56
court
a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law
57
crime
a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions
58
criminal justice system
an organization that exists to enforce a legal code
59
cultural deviance theory
a theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class
society causes crime
60
deviance
a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms
61
differential association theory
a theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to
them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance
62
formal sanctions
sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced
63
hate crimes
attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics
64
informal sanctions
sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions
65
labeling theory
the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society
66
legal codes
codes that maintain formal social control through laws
67
master status
a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual
68
negative sanctions
punishments for violating norms
69
nonviolent crimes
crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat
of force
70
police
a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level
71
positive sanctions
rewards given for conforming to norms
72
power elite
a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and
resources
73
primary deviance
a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s selfimage
or interactions with others
74
sanctions
the means of enforcing rules
75
secondary deviance
deviance that occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after
his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society
76
self-report study
a collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires
or telephone interviews
77
social control
the regulation and enforcement of norms
78
social disorganization theory
a theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and
the absence of social control
79
social order
arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives
80
strain theory
a theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having
socially acceptable means to reach those goals
81
street crime
crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public
spaces
82
victimless crime
activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the
person who engages in them
83
violent crimes
crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force
84
cyberfeminism
the application to and promotion of feminism online
85
design patents
patents that are granted when someone has invented a new and original design for a
manufactured product
86
digital divide
the uneven access to technology around race, class, and geographic lines
87
e-readiness
the ability to sort through, interpret, and process digital knowledge
88
evolutionary model of technological change
a breakthrough in one form of technology that leads to a
number of variations, from which a prototype emerges, followed by a period of slight adjustments to the
technology, interrupted by a breakthrough
89
gatekeeping
the sorting process by which thousands of possible messages are shaped into a mass mediaappropriate
form and reduced to a manageable amount
90
knowledge gap
the gap in information that builds as groups grow up without access to technology
91
media
all print, digital, and electronic means of communication
92
media consolidation
a process by which fewer and fewer owners control the majority of media outlets
93
media globalization
e worldwide integration of media through the cross-cultural exchange of ideas
94
neo-Luddites
those who see technology as a symbol of the coldness of modern life
95
net neutrality
the principle that all Internet data should be treated equally by internet service providers
96
new media
all interactive forms of information exchange
97
oligopoly
a situation in which a few firms dominate a marketplace
98
panoptic surveillance
a form of constant monitoring in which the observation posts are decentralized and
the observed is never communicated with directly
99
planned obsolescence
the act of a technology company planning for a product to be obsolete or unable
from the time it’s created
100
plant patents
patents that recognize the discovery of new plant types that can be asexually reproduced
101
technological diffusion
the spread of technology across borders
102
technological globalization
the cross-cultural development and exchange of technology
103
technology
the application of science to solve problems in daily life
104
technophiles
those who see technology as symbolizing the potential for a brighter future
105
utility patents
patents that are granted for the invention or discovery of any new and useful process,
product, or machine
106
ambilineal
a type of unilateral descent that follows either the father’s or the mother’s side exclusively
107
bigamy
the act of entering into marriage while still married to another person
108
bilateral descent
the tracing of kinship through both parents’ ancestral lines
109
cohabitation
the act of a couple sharing a residence while they are not married
110
extended family
a household that includes at least one parent and child as well as other relatives like
grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins
111
family
socially recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage, or adoption and
who form an emotional connection and an economic unit of society
112
family life course
a sociological model of family that sees the progression of events as fluid rather than as
occurring in strict stages
113
family life cycle
a set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time
114
family of orientation
the family into which one is born
115
family of procreation
a family that is formed through marriage
116
intimate partner violence (IPV)
violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or
sexual relationship
117
kinship
a person’s traceable ancestry (by blood, marriage, and/or adoption)
118
marriage
a legally recognized contract between two or more people in a sexual relationship who have an
expectation of permanence about their relationship
119
matrilineal descent
a type of unilateral descent that follows the mother’s side only
120
matrilocal residence
a system in which it is customary for a husband to live with the his wife’s family
121
monogamy
the act of being married to only one person at a time
122
nuclear family
two parents (traditionally a married husband and wife) and children living in the same
household
123
patrilineal descent
a type of unilateral descent that follows the father’s line only
124
patrilocal residence
a system in which it is customary for the a wife to live with (or near) the her husband’s
family
125
polyandry
a form of marriage in which one woman is married to more than one man at one time
126
polygamy
the state of being committed or married to more than one person at a time
127
polygyny
a form of marriage in which one man is married to more than one woman at one time
128
shaken-baby syndrome
a group of medical symptoms such as brain swelling and retinal hemorrhage
resulting from forcefully shaking or impacting an infant’s head
129
unilateral descent
the tracing of kinship through one parent only.
