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20k3 Review > exam I > Flashcards

exam I Flashcards

1
Q

Name each functional group and enzyme used in rxn:

RC(=O)R → RCH(OH)R

A

Reduction of a ketone to an alcohol, which is the reaction catalyzed by oxidoreductase.

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2
Q

ROPO32- → ROH + Pi

A

This is the reaction catalyzed by a phosphatase.

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3
Q

RC(=O)NHR’→ RCOOH + R’NH2

A

This is the reaction catalyzed by a protease or amidase.

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4
Q

RC(=O)OR’→ RCOOH + R’OH

A

This is the reaction catalyzed by an esterase.

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5
Q
A

This is the structure of adenine

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6
Q
A

This is the structure of histidine

C6H9N3O2

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7
Q
A

This is the structure of flavin

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8
Q
A

This is the structure of ubiquinone

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9
Q

Pressure and Liquid density relationship

A

pressure is equal to the liquid density multiplied by the gravitational acceleration.

pressure formula p = ρgd, where ρ is the liquid density, g is the gravitational acceleration, and d is the depth where pressure is measured

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10
Q

What is the identity of an atom that contains six protons and eight neutrons?

A

Carbon

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11
Q

NF3

Polor or NP?

A

Polar

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12
Q

What is the molecular formula of the heterocyclic aromatic compound pyrrole?

A

C4H5N

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13
Q

What is the molecular formula of azepine?

A

C6H7N

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14
Q

**Size-exclusion chromatography **

A

Size-exclusion chromatography separates proteins by molecular weight, not selective column binding.

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15
Q

Cation-exchange chromatography

A

Cation-exchange chromatography

separates proteins with different positive charges (or positive versus negative/neutral charge). Its separation method is not based on selective binding to the column based on a functional group-specific chemical reaction or ligand-receptor interaction.

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16
Q

Anion-exchange chromatography

A

Anion-exchange chromatography separates proteins with different negative charges (or negative versus positive/neutral charge). Its separation method is not based on selective binding to the column based on a functional group-specific chemical reaction or ligand-receptor interaction.

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17
Q

Enantiomers can exhibit a difference in which chemical or physical property?

A

Smell

Enantiomers have the same physical and chemical properties. They differ only in their three dimensional arrangement of atoms and their interactions with other chiral molecules. They can differ in their smell due to interacting differently with chiral odorant receptors.**

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18
Q

Ammonium formate

A

NH4HCO2

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19
Q

Ammonium carbonate

A

Ammonium carbonate is (NH4)2CO3.

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20
Q

Ammonium bicarbonate

A

Ammonium bicarbonate is NH4HCO3

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21
Q

Ammonium acetate

A

Ammonium acetate is NH4CH3CO2

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22
Q

Positive Cooperative Binding

A

Binding of a substrate to an active site makes it easier for the others to bind.

Hill is greater than 1

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23
Q

Negative cooperative binding

A

makes it more difficult for the others to bind, leading to inhibition.

Hill is less than 1

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24
Q

No cooperativity

A

The binding of a substrate to one active site has no impact on susequent substrates

Hill = 1

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25
Q
A

E3 − E2

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26
Q

An ice cube at 0°C and 1 atm is heated to form steam at 100°C and 1 atm. Ignoring heat loss to the surroundings, what part of the process uses the most heat?

(Note: Specific heat of water = 1 cal/g°C. Heat of fusion = 80 cal/g. Heat of vaporization = 540 cal/g.)

A

Vaporizing all the water

Vaporizing all the water requires 540 cal/g, which is a greater heat requirement than specific heat or heat of fusion.

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27
Q
A
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28
Q

If both the capacitor and the power supply in Figure 1 are adjustable, which of the following changes would result in an increase in the charge on the capacitor?

A

Decreasing the separation between the parallel plates

Capacitance C is inversely proportional to the separation d between the parallel plates according to the formula C =(ϵ0 ϵr A)/d. A decrease in the separation corresponds to an increase in the capacitance. Given that the charge on the capacitor is directly proportional to the capacitance, an increased capacitance results in an increase in the charge as long as the power supply voltage is constant.

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29
Q

adaptive immune system

A

The adaptive immune response is mediated by immune cells known as lymphocytes. These are B and T cells. B cells secrete antibodies, highly specific protein molecules that bind to a specific pathogen. These antibodies bind specific parts of pathogen.

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30
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Innate immunity is our first defense against invaders. The epithelial and mucosal linings of our respiratory and GI tracts, as well as our skin are major components of the innate immune system.

Cells known as macrophages also play a large role in innate immunity. Macrophages recognize bacterial or viral components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), via special receptors known as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLR activation cause macrophages to secrete cytokines (small molecules involved in cell signaling and attraction), as well as to phagocytose the infected cells

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31
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Humoral immunity is immunity from serum antibodies produced by plasma cells. More specifically, someone who has never been exposed to a specific disease can gain humoral immunity through administration of antibodies from someone who has been exposed, and survived the same disease. “Humoral” refers to the bodily fluids where these free-floating serum antibodies bind to antigens and assist with elimination.

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32
Q

**Cell-mediated immunity **

A

Cell-mediated immunity can be acquired through T cells from someone who is immune to the target disease or infection. “Cell-mediated” refers to the fact that the response is carried out by cytotoxic cells.

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33
Q

phosphodiester linkages

A

Phosphodiester bonds link the successive nucleotides in the sequence of nucleic acids

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34
Q

Disulfide bridges

A

Disulfide bridges are Covalent bonds that link cysteine residues within protein.

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35
Q

Hydrogen bonds in RNA or DNA, what is its role?

A

Hydrogen bonds hold base-pairing nucleotides together in DNA

Have no role in RNA

36
Q

DNA Melting Temperature/ Denaturating Temp

A

In nucleic acid duplex structures, higher GC-content correlates with more stable duplex and thus higher melting temperature.

Melting Temperature is the temperature that DNA and RNA denaturate at 50%.

37
Q

GI tract bacteria

A

onvert monosaccharides and polysaccharides into acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which are short chain fatty acids.

38
Q

Which amino acid exhibits a beta-branched side chain?

A

Isoleucine and Valine

39
Q

In contrast to chemical messengers in classical endocrine signaling systems, chemical messengers in paracrine and autocrine signaling systems are:

A

not transported by blood vessels.

40
Q

paracrine and autocrine chemical messengers act:

A

locally

41
Q

Paracrine chemical messengers

A

Paracrine chemical messengers act on cells near the cell that secretes the messenger

42
Q

autocrine chemical messengers

A

autocrine chemical messengers act on the same cell that secretes the messenger.

43
Q

Na+−glucose cotransporter

A

The Na+–glucose cotransporter transports Na+ cations and glucose into the cell. This process is electrogenic, as it results in the net movement of positively charged molecules into the cell.

44
Q

Putting a H+ ionophore in the ETC plasma membrane would have what effect?

A

Decreased production of ATP

45
Q

What enzymes generate NADH in the TCA cycle?

A

Malate dehydrogenase,
isocitrate dehydrogenase and
α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

46
Q

What enzyme generates FADH2 in the TCA cycle?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

47
Q

Isoelectric focusing

A

Isoelectric focusing separates proteins based on their pIs. The technique uses an electric field and a pH gradient which causes proteins to stop moving at a pH equal to their pI.

48
Q

SDS-PAGE

A

SDS-PAGE is a technique to separate proteins based on their size and does not require a pH gradient.

49
Q

Southern blotting

A

Southern blotting is a technique to identify specific DNA fragments and does not require a pH gradient.

50
Q

The gene for red-green color blindness is recessive and X-linked. What will be the expected phenotype of the children of a color-blind woman and a man who is not color-blind?

A

All of the daughters will have normal color vision; all the sons will be color-blind.

Males are XY and females are XX. All sons will inherit the X chromosome carrying the color-blind mutation from their mother along with a Y chromosome from their father, and will be color-blind. Daughters, however, will inherit one color-blind X chromosome from their mother and the wild-type X chromosome from their father. As the mutation is inherited in a recessive manner, daughters will have normal color vision, but will be carriers of the mutation.

51
Q

If Keq >1,

A

equilibrium reaction mixture will have more products than reactants.

Its exergonic and a low activation energy results in fast reaction kinetics.

Favors products

52
Q

Transduction

A

Transduction is the process by which nucleic acids are transferred from viruses to cells.

53
Q

Transformation

A

Transformation is the process that transfers genetic material from the environment into bacteria.

53
Q

**Conjugation **

A

Conjugation **is the exchange of nucleic acids between bacteria.
**

54
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm results in:

A

decreased intrathoracic pressure and inhalation.

54
Q

V0

A

is the initial velocity of an enzymatic reaction.

54
Q

Enhancer

A

The enhancer is a DNA region that is able to bind transcriptional activators in order to increase the expression of a particular gene.

54
Q

In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction where enzyme concentration is held constant and substrate concentration is relatively low, which kinetic parameter will increase with the addition of more substrate?

(Note: Other than substrate concentration, assume no other changes to reaction conditions.)

A

Vo

V0 is the initial velocity of an enzymatic reaction. At low concentrations of substrate and constant enzyme concentration, adding more substrate will increase Vo until the maximal velocity is reached.

54
Q

Enterocytes

A

Enterocytes are the intestinal cells that produce Enzymes that digest disaccharides. This includes lactase.

54
Q

Glycosidic linkages in disaccharides are cleaved via:

A

**hydrolysis reaction
Hydrolase **

54
Q

pyrimidine

A

CUT

Cytosine C4H5N3O
Uracil C4H4N2O2
Thymine C5H6N2O2

CUT

Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

55
Q

Purines

A

Adenine C5H5N5

Guanine C5H5N5O

56
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

Avoidant attachment is associated with little separation anxiety and a tendency to resist contact with the parent, as described in the option.

57
Q

**anxious-ambivalent attachment **

A

Strong separation anxiety, coupled with a tendency to resist contact with the parent, is more characteristic of anxious-ambivalent attachment.

58
Q

amygdala

A

The amygdala is involved in emotional encoding

59
Q

hippocampus

A

The hippocampus is involved in memory encoding

60
Q

parietal lobe

A

The primary function of the parietal lobe is the integration of sensory information.

61
Q

superego

A

According to psychodynamic theory, the superego is the structure of personality which houses an individual’s conscience, developed via the internalization of parental and societal expectations and values. The superego demands that one perform to their highest possible standard

62
Q

ego

A

According to psychodynamic theory, the ego is the structure of personality responsible for balancing the conflicting demands of the id and the superego. When these demands are not met, anxiety is experienced.

63
Q

positive punisher

A

positive punisher decreases the frequency of the preceding behavior by introducing an aversive stimulus. In the passage example, the patient’s attendance of social events decreased as a result of his event attendance leading to the elevation of feelings of inferiority (an aversive stimulus).

64
Q

Weber’s characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy suggest that most formal organizations will:

A

select employees based on technical qualifications.

65
Q

A 34-year-old man has had a series of brief relationships with several romantic partners, but has never established a close, intimate relationship with a partner. According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, which outcome best describes this example?

A

Isolation

The man is in the Intimacy versus Isolation stage and given his lack of success in experiencing a close, intimate relationship, would be experiencing the outcome of isolation.

66
Q

Social facilitation

A

Social facilitation, the tendency for individuals to perform better when others are present especially when working on a familiar task, predicts better performance when participants are with others, not when they are alone.

67
Q

Central route processing

A

Central route processing occurs when the central characteristics of a message, such as its informational content and the quality of its arguments, are used to form an attitude. The attitude formation in the passage is based on the behavioral cues presented by the administrator, which are peripheral characteristics.

68
Q

Peripheral route processing

A

Peripheral characteristics of a communication refer to the message characteristics that are not central to the information and arguments presented in the message, such as the emotional appeals made to the audience or characteristics of the individual presenting the message. Peripheral route processing occurs when peripheral characteristics drive an individual’s processing and attitude formation in a given social setting

69
Q

confounding variable

A

A confounding variable is a variable that varies with the independent variable and affects the dependent variable.

70
Q

A researcher interested in cultural differences regarding happiness designs a cross-cultural study in which happiness is measured relative to a nation’s gross domestic product. Which is a dependent variable in this study?

A

Happiness

71
Q

medicalization

A

Medicalization refers to the recategorization of a condition as a medical problem that requires diagnosis and treatment by medical experts. Alcoholism provides a classic case of medicalization, as alcohol abuse has transitioned from what was once considered a problem of individual moral character to being considered a treatable medical condition today.

72
Q

Demographic transition

A

Demographic transition refers to the association between the level of socioeconomic development and the balance between fertility and mortality rates in a society.

73
Q

Heuristics

A

are cognitive rules of thumb that offer shortcuts to reasoning and problem solving.

74
Q

In a case study with an infant, Watson paired the presentation of a white rat with a loud noise. After several pairings, the infant was afraid of the white rat and also other stimuli that were white and furry, such as a white rabbit. The infant’s fear response to the white rabbit is due to the process of:

A

stimulus generalization.

75
Q

In operant conditioning, partial reinforcement, rather than continuous reinforcement, leads to a response that is:

A

slower to acquire and more resistant to extinction.

76
Q

Continuous reinforcement is associated with:

A

Continuous reinforcement is associated with a fast rate of acquisition, but quicker extinction.

77
Q

A woman’s manufacturing job is unexpectedly outsourced to a factory in Country A. She responds with hostility and anger towards all people from Country A and accuses them of taking her job. Which concept best describes her response?

A

Scapegoating

Scapegoating refers to erroneously assigning blame to an identifiable source, often when the real cause is abstract, such as globalization. Scapegoating captures the assignment of blame to a group that is not responsible for the situation of the individual described in the question.

78
Q

**Semantic memory **

A

Semantic memory is memory for facts and knowledge. This is the memory system used for a categorization task which requires participants to use pre-existing knowledge to sort the items.

79
Q

If a researcher defines the concept of religiosity as the frequency an individual engages in religious meetings, rituals, or practices, that researcher has created a(n):

A

operational definition.

Operationalization refers to how an abstract concept as a variable is observed through different measurements. The use of different measures, such as the frequency of attending religious rituals, is to operationalize the abstract concept of religiosity.

80
Q
A

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