psych

Question 1

The retina functions to:

Answer 1

detect light rays and convert them into signals for the brain to process.

Question 2

Functional fixedness

Answer 2

Functional fixedness refers to people’s tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, which can inhibit solving problems.

Question 3

Confirmation bias

Answer 3

The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.

Question 4

Availability heuristic

Answer 4

The availability heuristic refers to the tendency to estimate the likelihood of events based on how easily (i.e., how rapidly) examples of those events can be retrieved from memory.

Question 5

distress criterion

Answer 5

The distress criterion takes into account whether the behavior demonstrates unusual or prolonged levels of stress.

Question 6

maladaptiveness criterion

Answer 6

The maladaptiveness criterion takes into account whether the behavior negatively impacts the person’s life or poses a threat to others.

Question 7

statistical deviancy criterion

Answer 7

The statistical deviancy criterion takes into account whether the behavior is statistically rare.

Question 8

social norms criterion

Answer 8

The violation of social norms criterion takes into account whether the behavior violates social norms.

Question 9

A person is struggling to achieve generativity, rather than stagnation. In terms of Erikson’s theory, this person is a(n):

Answer 9

According to Erikson’s theory, a middle-aged person struggles with generativity versus stagnation.

Question 10

Operant Conditioning (Associative Learning)

Answer 10

**A process in which reinforcement (pleasurable consequences) and punishment (unpleasant consequences) are employed to mold behavior responses. **

Reinforment & Punishment

Question 11

affective component of an attitude

Answer 11

The affective component of an attitude consists of the emotional experience evoked by the attitude object.

Question 12

cognitive component of an attitude

Answer 12

The cognitive component of an attitude consists of an individual’s beliefs about the attitude object.

Question 13

behavioral component of an attitude

Answer 13

The behavioral component of an attitude consists of the typical responses made when the individual is in the presence of the attitude object.

Question 14

Alcohol dependence is most strongly indicated by:

Answer 14

Alcohol dependence is most strongly indicated by withdrawal symptoms.

Question 15

obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms

Answer 15

Repetitive behaviors and unwanted cognitions are symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 16

Which procedure is most effective for teaching a dog to shake hands?

Answer 16

Shaping

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior. It is utilized to establish a novel behavior.

Question 17

monocular depth cue

Answer 17

Question 18

Binocular depth cue

Answer 18

Question 19

Disinhibition

Answer 19

Disinhibition refers to the inability to withhold an inappropriate or unwanted behavior. It can refer to the production of socially inappropriate comments or actions.

ex) Disinhibition is associated with binge drinking and often leads to risk taking, which can lead to preventable injuries.

Question 20

role conflict

Answer 20

tensions stemming from multiple social roles
**
ex) support for family caregivers of dementia patients is also essential to help caregivers balance the demands of caregiving with their other social responsibilities. Balancing the demands of one role (caregiving) with other roles (other social responsibilities) defines role conflict.

Question 21

Relative deprivation

Answer 21

Relative deprivation is the feeling that you are worse off than others in your social group. It can apply to tangible items like money or cars, or intangible items like social status or respect. For example, you might feel relatively deprived if you can only afford a hut but your neighbor has a big house

Question 22

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 22

Symbolic interactionism posits that individuals develop a sense of self, or identity, through the interactions and relationships that they have with others. The theory suggests that social relationships are fundamental for individuals to develop a sense of who they are.

Question 23

Cultural assimilation

Answer 23

Cultural assimilation is related to identity, but more specifically refers to the process by which an immigrant group adopts the dominant group’s cultural norms and values.

Question 24

Auditory hair cells are what type of receptors?

Answer 24

Mechanoreceptors

Auditory hair cells deflect when the sound signal is transduced into vibrations in the inner ear. The auditory hair cells (such as stereocilia) bend towards the tallest stereocilium and connect to mechanically gated ion channels.

Question 25

Proprioceptors

Answer 25

Proprioceptors are a type of sensor that helps an individual to determine the location of a body part and/or its position. These receptors are found within the vestibular system, muscles, and/or tendons.

Question 26

Chemoreceptors

Answer 26

Chemoreceptors are specialized receptors that transduce chemical signals and generate an output. Chemoreceptors are found in the carotid bodies and the aortic arch.

Question 27

Osmoreceptors

Answer 27

Osmoreceptors are usually located in the hypothalamus and they usually detect the change in osmotic pressures.

Question 28

traditional behaviorist approach

Answer 28

A rigid behaviorist approach rejects SCT’s assumption that cognitions can act as motivators for behavior. Instead, it holds that only actual outcomes of a behavior determine whether that behavior will be repeated.

Question 29

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 29

**Extrinsic motivation refers to any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself. **

External motivation is described as social pressure, which is an example of extrinsic motivation.

Question 30

self-serving bias,

Answer 30

wherein people tend to attribute their own successes to internal factors and attribute their own failures to external factors.

In addition, people will match their attributions about their own behavior to the attributions they make for their in-groups, because the in-group is treated as an extension of the self. If the in-group looks good, then the self looks good.

Question 31

What two cognitive routes does the Elaboration-Likelihood Model propose?

Answer 31

1) Central route (people are persuaded by the content of the argument itself)

2) Peripheral route (people focus on superficial characters of the speech or orator)

Question 32

What are three key elements to persuasion?

Answer 32

1) Message characteristics (features of the message itself)
2) Source characteristics (characteristics of the person or venue delivering the message)
3) Target characteristics (the characteristics of the person receiving the message)

Question 33

What describes the belief that bad things happen to other because of their own actions or failure to act?

Answer 33

Just World belief

Question 34

What describes the belief that bad things happen to other people but not to ourselves?

Answer 34

Optimism bias

Question 35

What describes attributing our own actions to a situation?

Answer 35

Actor/observer bias

Question 36

What describes attributing another person’s behavior to their personality?

Answer 36

Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 37

What are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from the bottom to top?

Answer 37

Physiological needs, Safety needs, love & belonging, Esteem needs, Self-actualization

Question 38

What are the six universal emotions?

Answer 38

1. Happiness
2. Sadness
3. Anger
4. Disgust
5. Fear
6. Surprise

Question 39

What brain structure is responsible for turning short term and working memories into long term memories?

Answer 39

Hippocampus

Question 40

Attraction and commitment to a group is likely to be greatest when group members:

Answer 40

share equivalent cultural capital.

Group affiliation (attraction and commitment) is likely to be greatest when the members or participants in the group share similar outlooks, knowledge, preferences, skills, and other aspects of cultural capital. Among the options, similarity in cultural capital would be most likely to solidify group bonds in a way that increases commitment to the group.

Question 41

A dopamine antagonist will most likely lead to:

Answer 41

decreased mobility and increased frequency of tremors in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

Patients with Parkinson’s disease already have insufficient dopamine levels. Therefore, a drug that blocks dopamine receptors will further reduce dopamine’s impact, and worsen the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, such as decreased mobility and increased frequency of tremors.

Question 42

A dopamine antagonist will most likely lead to______________ in patients with schizophrenia.

Answer 42

Patients with schizophrenia have high levels of dopamine activity and a dopamine antagonist will lead to decreased levels of dopamine resulting in decreased, not increased, positive symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations and delusions, respectively.

Question 43

Gender socialization

Answer 43

Gender socialization refers to the learning of norms and values associated with masculinity or femininity. Gender norms related to masculinity include the encouragement of high-risk behaviors, of which heavy drinking would be an example.

Question 44

Participant responses to the childhood health history are dependent on retrieving which type of information from memory?

Answer 44

When participants respond to questions about their childhood health history, they are retrieving autobiographical information, which is an important type of episodic memory.

Question 45

Culture lag

Answer 45

Culture lag occurs when norms and values have yet to catch up with technological advances.

Question 46

Example of Anomie

Answer 46

Anomie refers to a feeling of detachment from society due to a lack of stable social norms.

Question 47

Underuse of available healthcare services for the disorders such as depression, dementia, and alcohol abuse is most likely due to:

Answer 47

each have been particularly noteworthy for social stigma. Healthcare utilization and health-seeking behaviors are likely to be affected whenever a disease or disorder is stigmatized.