Exam I Flashcards
1
Q
Radon comes to use in which form?
A
Alpha particles
2
Q
Give or take a little, natural background radiation accounts for about how much of our average annual exposure to ionizing radiation?
A
80%
3
Q
The beneficial effect of radiation is called
A
Radiation hormesis
4
Q
Which of the following is NOT a property of x-ray?
A. They are stored in matter
B. They penetrate matter
C. They cause biological effects
D. They cause ionization
A
A. They are stored in matter
No they ain’t
5
Q
How many rads are in a gray?
A
100
6
Q
Which unit of measurement is usually used for reporting occupational exposure to radiation?
A
REM
7
Q
In what year did BJ introduce x-ray into the chiropractic profession?
A
1910
8
Q
The local spot size is usually set in conjunction with what?
A
The low voltage circuit
9
Q
What would happen if you lengthened the time of an exposure?
A
You would increase the number of photons hitting the patient
10
Q
Which primary factor is responsible for the “quality” of an x-ray beam?
A
kVp
11
Q
Which primary factor(s) is/are responsible for the “quantity” of an x-ray beam?
A
mA and Length of time of exposure
12
Q
The mA setting determines:
A
The current going through the filament (Tube current)
13
Q
Which would have the least fluctuation in the kV level?
A
High frequency
14
Q
What propels the electrons in an x-ray tube?
A
kV (and cathode as well)
15
Q
A tube warm-up procedure should be performed by using how many exposures?
A
2
16
Q
Which part of an x-ray tube is the target located in?
A
Anode
17
Q
The first place that attenuation of any part of the x-ray beam occurs is at which point?
A
Anode
18
Q
The term “thermionic emission” is most closely related to:
A
The cloud of electrons at the filament
19
Q
Which of the following is true about a dual focus tube?
A. Has one actual and one effective focal spot
B. Most often used with stationary anodes
C. Has two filaments
D. Has two anodes
A
C. Has two filaments
20
Q
The purpose of the collimator shutters is to:
A
Filter the periphery of the beam
21
Q
Which three radiographic projections routinely uses compensating filters?
A
AP thoracic, Lateral thoracic and Full Spine
22
Q
What is the best way to identify a patients film?
A
A flash on label before processing
23
Q
When is a fetus the most sensitive to radiation?
A
1st trimester
24
Q
Which two areas of the body are most susceptible to develop a malignancy from ionizing radiation?
A
Bone marrow and breast
25
In what country was x-ray discovered?
Germany
26
Which of the following is TRUE about x-rays?
A. They are stored in matter
B. X-ray film will get lighter the longer it is exposed
C. They have no effect on photographic film
D. Some materials fluoresce when exposed to them
D. Some materials fluoresce when exposed to them
27
The initials FFD, TFD and SID refer to what?
The distance between the source of the x-ray and the film
28
What is the most commonly used dosimeter?
A film badge
29
Imagine that you're a wee little photon that has sailed through space at a high rate of speed which has carried you into and out of a patient. What would be the next thing you encounter?
A grid
30
The number of electrons is controlled by the:
Low voltage circuit
31
The speed of electrons is controlled by the:
kV
32
Which effect would a smaller anode angle have compared to a larger angle?
It would create a clearer image
33
Which of the following is a characteristic of x-ray?
A. Long wavelength
B. Short wavelength
C. Same wavelength as radiowaves
D. Same wavelength as microwaves
B. Short wavelength
34
Of the different types of radiation, which is associated with biological effects?
Ionizing
35
What contributes the most radiation to a human's annual exposure?
Radon gas
36
What is most helpful in producing a good quality A-P full spine x-ray?
Having the anode toward the cervicals (anode is +, cerv are -)
37
Positive beam limitation systems (PBL) would include which of the following?
A. Semiautomatic collimation
B. Manual collimation
C. Cones and cylinders
D. A lead aperture
A. Semiautomatic collimation
38
In checking your collimator, what percentage is the limit for inaccuracy?
2%
39
What is used to tell us that the x-ray beam is centered to the part being radiographed?
The light and mirror
40
At a set FFD and film size the less collimation used the ______ the film will be.
Darker
41
Where does the electron cloud form?
The filament
42
You've taken an A-P thoracic radiograph and notice that the upper part of the spine is overexposed. What should you have done to get a better film?
Used a filter for the upper part of the film
43
Federal regulation requires how much filtration for an x-ray machine that operates at 70-100 kV?
2.5mm
44
What material is used for the construction of most compensating filters?
Aluminum
45
What part of the tube complex allows one to move the tube stand?
The tube track
46
When taking an A-P full spine film of a young female patient, which structure should you be most concerned with?
Breast
47
The ten day rule concerns:
Patients during a ten day period from the onset of menses
48
A 13-year-old female patient has been diagnosed with scoliosis by the school nurse. You know that a 14"x36" full spine is indicated and you remember that a P-A would be better than an A-P. Why?
It will decrease breast and gonad exposure
49
Your 10-year-old daughter just put your 7-year-old son in an Angle Ankle lock, which then doesn't hurt his ankle, but rather his lumbar spine. You decide to take a lumbar series on your son. What should you do?
Put a contact gonad shield on him
50
A dual focus tube has which characteristic that a single focus tube doesn't?
Two filaments
51
When taking an A-P full spine film of a young female patient, which structure should be most concerned with in reducing exposure to prevent the possibility of cancer?
Breast
52
Who is credited with the discovery of x-ray?
WC Roentgen
53
If you had a film that was too dark, what would solve your problem?
Decrease the mAs (or kV)
54
What is an advantage of using a small focal spot?
A clearer image
55
Before using a high setting with a tube that has been shut down overnight, it is advisable to do what?
Use a tube warm up procedure
56
The "useful beam" exits which part of the tube?
Window
57
What is the international unit designation for the rad?
Gray
58
The filament is surrounded by what?
The focusing cup
59
```
Of the following, which part limits the size of the useful x-ray beam?
A. Anode
B. Window
C. Collimator
D. Added filtration
```
C. Collimator
60
In which year was x-ray discovered?
1895 (same as chiropractic!)
61
What is recommended for a full spine film?
Compensating filtration
62
Which part of the tube complex has, as its main function, the removal of soft x-rays?
Tube filters
63
Where is oil normally found in the tube complex?
Between the tube and tube housing
64
The primary controlling factor for contrast is?
kV
65
What would be the last thing you should do before pressing the exposure button?
Activate the rotor
66
The main purpose of oil in the tube complex is to aid in:
Cooling the tube (thermal insulator)
67
What type of anode should you use?
Rotating
68
What is the "half value layer" (HVL) used for?
For filtration recommendations
69
Before moving the tube stand on the track, what must be done?
The lock must be released
70
About how much reduction of gonad exposure occurs with a P-A lumbar film as compared to an A-P lumbar film?
95% (90% in the notes)
71
You have decided to take a full spine A-P and lateral sectional series on a patient. As you are setting him up for the full spine, you notice that there is a minus sign on the upper cable attachment on the tube and a plus sign on the lower. What do you think will be the probable outcome of your full spine film?
The cervicals will be too dark and the lumbars will be too light
72
A patient presents with an injured thoracic spine. You've x-rayed his thoracic spine and find that all is well on your 7"x17" A-P except for the upper region, which is way too dark. What happened?
Didn't filter the upper part
73
Which statement is true about radon?
A. It is an odoriferous release of gas
B. It makes up more than 50% of our average annual exposure to radiation
C. It is an internal type of radiation that we ingest via food and water
D. It bombards us from the sun annually
B. It makes up more than 50% of our average annual exposure to radiation
74
Of your body systems, which will require the most radiation in an acute blast to screw it up?
Your nervous system
75
Of the following, which would cause more penumbra?
A. Long SID
B. Large focal spot
C. Short OFD
D. Small collimation field
B. Large focal spot
76
X-ray is produced at which part of the tube?
The target
77
What is the anode heel responsible for?
A reduction in the beam intensity
78
Which part of the tube prevents the electron cloud from dispersing beyond its desired location?
The focusing cup
79
The filtration of the x-ray beam as it passes through the collimator is mostly due to:
The shutters
80
If you were taking an APOM film for an upper cervical technique, what should you do?
Use selective filtration over the eyes
81
What part of the tube complex allows one to move the tube stand in order to set the SID for an upright film?
The tube track
82
The single greatest risk for a fetus from ionizing radiation exposure from x-ray is:
Childhood leukemia
83
If you took a radiograph at 72" and then another one at 40", what would you have to do to maintain the same radiographic density?
Decrease the mAs by 1/3
84
What does the "p" stand for in kVp?
Peak
85
What type(s) of collimation are PBL devices?
Semiautomatic and fully automatic
86
What are examples of electromagnetic ionizing radiation?
X-ray and gamma radiation
87
Which type of dose is attributed to harmful effects from low levels of radiation?
Genetic
88
Is there any logical way that our time spent in Davenport, IA would be exposed to alpha particles?
Yes, by breathing the QC air
89
The large or small focal spot is usually set simultaneously with what?
The milliamperes (mA)
90
If you wanted to increase the number of photons reaching your film what could you do?
Increase the mA or decrease the distance
91
Comparing two films with the kV and mAs constant, one taken at 40" FFD and the other at 72" FFD, what would occur?
Increased density of the 40" film and decreased image size on the 72" film
92
What is responsible for changing AC current to DC current?
Rectifier
93
How would one figure heat units if one was so inclined to do so?
mA x time x kVp
94
At the usual kV range that you'll be x-raying spines with, what makes up the majority of the beam?
Bremsstrahlung radiation
95
How much of the energy created by an exposure in an x-ray tube is useful for the production of a radiograph?
1% (99% is heat)
96
What is the main function of the anode?
To stop the electrons
97
What produces thermionic emissions?
The low voltage circuit
98
What is responsible for the anode heel effect?
The bevel of the anode
99
If someone accused you of producing an under-penetrated film, how would you correct the problem?
Increase the kVp
100
The "boiling off" of electrons is known by which term?
Thermionic emission
101
Which of the following increases patient exposure to radiation?
A. Increased tube distance
B. Collimation
C. Rotating anode
D. Splitscreens
D. Split screens
102
Where is added filtration located?
On the port of the tube housing
103
Which part of the tube complex will you have to unlock and move to set the tube distance for an upright lateral lumbar film?
Tube stand
104
What is required to appear on a legal ID marker?
Patients name and number, the date of the examination, and the doctor's and clinic's name
105
Federal standards require 2.5mm of aluminum for which kVp range?
70-100
106
If you are collimating from a 14"x17" field to an 8"x10" film, what would you have to do?
Increase the tube output
107
You have been exposed to one millisievert. You convert that to the rem unit of measure and find that you have been exposed to how many mrems?
100 mrems(or 1 gray)
108
In order to maintain the same film density, what will you have to do if you took a film at 40" and then moved the tube to 72" and took another film?
Increase the mAs by 3x
109
Which part of the body would you expect to receive the highest amount of radiation from an x-ray procedure?
Skin
110
In which form do we encounter radon?
Gas
111
Higher energy photons are present with:
Higher frequency
112
Radiation hormesis refers to what?
The beneficial effects from exposure to low levels of radiation
113
Dosimetry is used for:
Detecting radiation
114
What effect would reducing FFD have?
The number of x-rays reaching the film increases
115
What are considered the standard tube distances?
40" and 72"
116
Which of the following will reduce penumbra?
A. Short film distance
B. Long film distance
C. Large focal spot
D. Small focal spot
D. Small focal spot
117
Describe the proper tube warm-up technique.
Two exposures with the 2nd using twice the mAs as the first
118
If you want to produce more x-rays, you should increase _____. If you want to increase the speed with which x-rays are shot, you should increase ______.
```
Quantity = mA
Speed = kV
```
119
A decrease in the anode angle would have what effect?
A smaller effective focal spot
120
What is the anode heel effect?
A reduced intensity of the x-ray beam on the anode side of the tube
121
Where should compensating filtration be used when taking a lateral thoracic film?
The lower thoracic spine
122
"Added filtration" is a term used to describe:
Filtration between the port and collimator
123
How many rads can a fetus be exposed to before it starts to have an effect?
25
124
How much lead equivancy do most shielding devices have in them?
0.5mm
125
Which part of the tube experiences thermionic emission?
Filament
126
What is the largest contributor to the average annual exposure from man-made sources?
Diagnostic x-ray
127
What makes an x-ray dangerous?
Ionizing radiation
128
Alpha particles are most harmful in people when they:
Inhale them
129
The first body part to be radiographed was?
Hand
130
What connects the transformer with the tube?
Cables
131
What is the minimum anode angle that can be used if you were going to take a 14"x36" full spine film?
14 degrees (same as first measure of film)
132
If you looked into the port of a used x-ray tube and saw that the entire surface of the anode had bumps, what term would you use to describe its appearance?
Anode pitting
133
Which structure is responsible for confining the cloud of electrons?
Focusing cup
134
The purpose of the collimator shutters is to:
Absorb uneeded x-rays
135
What is the most common reason that compensating filtration is used?
To reduce film density
136
Which part of the tube complex contains lead?
Tube housing
137
Stages of ARS.
Prodromal- initial symptoms
Latent- improvement of the symptoms
Manifest- Return of symptoms worse than before
Healing/Death- Recovery or death
138
What does LD 50/60 mean?
An acute, whole body exposure that would kill 50% of the people within 60 days
139
What is the LD 50/60 for humans (without medical intervention)?
350 rads
140
After encountering the grid, a ray will then:
Pass through the front of a cassette through screens, then it appears on the film
