EXAM I Autonomic Nervous System I Flashcards Preview

Human Disease and Therapeutics > EXAM I Autonomic Nervous System I > Flashcards

Flashcards in EXAM I Autonomic Nervous System I Deck (46)
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1
Q

the autonomic nervous system is comprised of which 2 neurons in a chain?

A
  • pre-ganglionic (ganglion = a collection of cell bodies)
  • post-ganglionic
2
Q

most organs are dually innervated by both the ___ and ___ nervous system, and the two tend to have ___ effects on the organs innervated

A
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic
  • opposite
3
Q

which are the two tissues innervated by the sympathetic nervous system that have muscarinic receptors?

A

sweat glands and salivary glands

4
Q

pre-ganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system are associated with the ___ region

A

thorocolumbar

5
Q

pre-ganglionic sympathetic nervous system axons extend to ___ and ___ ganglia (hence, they tend to be ___)

A
  • para- and pre-vertebral
  • short
6
Q

in the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system, axon terminals of the sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons synapse onto ___

A

sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons

7
Q

post-ganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system are in ___ and ___ ganglia

A

para- and pre-vertebral

8
Q

post-ganglionic axons/fibers of the sympathetic nervous system extend to ___

A

effector tissues/organs

9
Q

sympathetic pre-ganglionic also innervate the ___, which has what effect?

A
  • adrenal medulla
  • adrenal cells release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream
10
Q

pre-ganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in the ___ region

A

craniosacral

11
Q

pre-ganglionic axons of the parasympathetic nervous system extend to ganglia located ___

A

near or in effector tissues/organs

12
Q

in the ganglia, axon terminals of the parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons synapse onto ___

A

parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons

13
Q

post-ganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system are in the ___

A

parasympathetic ganglia near or in effector tissue/organs

14
Q

axons of parasympathetic post-ganglionic tissues innervate the ___

A

effector tissue

15
Q

what are two classes of neuromuscular blockers?

A

depolarizing (non-competitive) and non-depolarizing

16
Q

what is succinylcholine?

A
  • a depolarizing (non-competitive) neuromuscular blocker that acts as a nicotinic agonist and depolarizes/desensitizes the neuromuscular endplate
  • it opens the NIC channels and keeps these open such that the neuron is depolarized and unresponsive to another ACh challenge
17
Q

what is tubocurare (aka tubocurarine)?

A

a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker that competes with ACh at nicotinic receptors

18
Q

what 3 things can happen of AChE is blocked?

A
  • affects BOTH sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
  • affects tissues innervated by post-ganglionic fibers
  • affects signaling at the neuromuscular junction
19
Q

what is sarin?

A

a cholinesterase inhibitor

20
Q

what are some effects of sarin on the body?

A

main effect is an increase in acetylcholine, which causes:

  • increase in HR
  • stimulates skeletal muscle = tetani and eventually you will stop breathing
  • increase in salivation
  • watery eyes
  • blurred vision
  • increase in perspiration
  • diarrhea
  • death
21
Q

what can be used to reverse the effects of sarin?

A

atropine

22
Q

botulinim toxin prevents the release of ___, which causes what?

A
  • ACh
  • relax intraocular muscles, treats muscle dystonia (spasms), removes wrinkles
23
Q

what are two cholinergic agents used in dentistry?

A
  • cevimeline (evoxac)
  • pilocarpine (salagen)
24
Q

___ is a cholinergic agonist used to treat xerostomia in sjogrens syndrome

A

cevimeline (evoxac)

25
Q

___ is a cholinergic agonist used to treat xerostomia after radiotherapy

A

pilocarpine (salagen)

26
Q

what are 4 cholinomimetic agents?

A
  • cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil)
  • bethanechol
  • pilocarpine
  • nicotine
27
Q

what are some uses of cholinomimetic agents?

A

treatment of…

  • myasthenia gravis
  • glaucoma
  • alzheimer’s disease
  • smoking cessation
28
Q

what is bethanechol (urecholine) indicated for?

A

increases urine output to treat urinary retention

29
Q

what is pilocarpine indicated for?

A

increases saliva secretions and treats glaucoma

30
Q

what is succinylcholine indicated for?

A

used in surgeries to relax muscles

31
Q

what is mecamylamine indicated for?

A

ganglionic blocker, used originally to treat hypertension (now only used for very significant cases of HTN - never used as a first choice)

32
Q

what is carbachol (miostat) indicated for?

A

treats glaucoma

33
Q

what is edrophonium indicated for?

A

reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to diagnose myasthenia gravis

34
Q

describe closed angle glaucoma

A
  • caused by blocked drainage, resulting in a sudden rise in intraocular pressure
  • has a closed or narrow angle between the iris and cornea
  • develops very quickly and requires immediate medical attention
  • has symptoms and damage that are usually very noticeable
  • treat with pilocarpine to contract (miosis) and pull iris to open trabecular meshwork
35
Q

what are two examples of antimuscarinic agents?

A

atropine and scopolamine

36
Q

what are antimuscarinic agents used for?

A

parkinson’s disease (adjunctive therapy), motion sickness, COPD, urinary urgency

37
Q

what are side effects of antimuscarinic agents?

A
  • dry mouth
  • constipation
  • blurred vision
  • sedation
  • urinary retention
38
Q

what are drugs that have anticholinergic effects?

A
  • antiemetics
  • anti-parkinson’s
  • antimigraine
  • antiarrhythmics
  • antidiarrheals
  • antihistamines
  • antidepressants
  • antipsychotics
  • herbal medicines
39
Q

what is pralidoxime indicated for?

A

treatment of organophosphate poisoning (ex. pesticide poisoning)

40
Q

what are 4 synthetic anticholinergic drugs?

A
  • glycopyrrolate (robinul)
  • benztropine mesylate (cogentin)
  • propantheline bromide (pro-banthine)
  • trihyxphenidyl HCl (artane)
41
Q

what is glycopyrrolate (robinul) used for?

A

inhibits salivation pre-operatively; controls upper airway secretions

42
Q

what is benztropine mesylate (cogentin) used for?

A

anti-parkinson’s

43
Q

what is propantheline bromide (pro-banthine) used for?

A

traveler’s diarrhea

44
Q

what is trihyxphenidyl HCl (artane) used for?

A

anti-parkinson’s

45
Q

dopamine is released from ___ in the ___

A

sympathetic nerve terminals in the kidney

46
Q

at high doses, dopamine activates ___ and ___

A

alpha and beta receptors