Exam I Ch 2

Question 1

sociocognitive conflict

Answer 1

interactions that involve wrestling with contradictive viewpoints; Piaget said this was important for learning and development

Question 2

cognitive tool

Answer 2

tools that are symbolic or mental in nature that greatly enhances children’s thinking abilities according to Vygotsky

Question 3

self talk

Answer 3

children talk to themselves or think out loud to guide themselves through tasks

Question 4

internalization

Answer 4

transforming ideas and processes seen in the social or outside world to make them unique to the individual

Question 5

zone of proximal development

Answer 5

V- the range of tasks children can’t yet do independently but can perform with help and guidance

Question 6

level of potential development

Answer 6

V- upper limit of tasks one can perform with assistance of more competent person

Question 7

scaffolding

Answer 7

guidance provided by more competent individuals to help children perform tasks in their ZPD

Question 8

cognitive apprenticeship

Answer 8

teacher and student work together on a challenging task and the teacher provides guidance on how to think about the task

Question 9

guided participation

Answer 9

child’s performance, with guidance and support, of an activity in the adult world

Question 10

metalinguistic awareness

Answer 10

Conscious understanding of the nature and functions of language

Question 11

subtractive bilungualism

Answer 11

Losing proficiency in native language due to lack of opportunity to use it

Question 12

pedagogical content knowledge

Answer 12

strategies specific to the content being taught

Question 13

reflective teaching

Answer 13

reflecting on previously used strategies and and adjust beliefs in light of scientific evidence

Question 14

sensitive periods

Answer 14

limited time periods during which certain environmental conditions seem to be especially important to development

Question 15

maturation

Answer 15

occurrence of genetically controlled physical advancements as a child develops

Question 16

Bronfrenbrenner’s theory

Answer 16

layers of a child’s environment effect their development

Question 17

prefrontal cortex

Answer 17

responsible for attention, planning, decision making, coordination

Question 18

procedure in which an adult presents a task or problem and asks a child a series of questions about it, tailoring later questions to the child’s responses to previous ones

Answer 18

clinical method, Piaget

Question 19

class inclusion tasks

Answer 19

must think of an object as simultaneously belonging to a category and one of its subcategories

Question 20

What did Piaget say regarding his stages of development?

Answer 20

steps will be same but at different times for different children

Question 21

What did Piaget say regarding how children learn?

Answer 21

they are active and motivated and construct knowledge from experiences and schemas

Question 22

How do children learn according to Piaget?

Answer 22

assimilation and accommodation

Question 23

assimilation

Answer 23

dealing with something in a way that is consistent with an existing schema

Question 24

accomodation

Answer 24

modify existing schema to account for new information or object or form entirely new schema

Question 25

Piaget believed what regarding environment?

Answer 25

interactions with the environment are essential for development

Question 26

intelligence

Answer 26

organization + adaptation

Question 27

equilibrium

Answer 27

Piaget’s suggestion that children comfortably interpret and respond to new things using existing schemas

Question 28

disequilibrium

Answer 28

a sort of mental discomfort that spurs them to try to make sense of what they are observing

Question 29

equilibration

Answer 29

process of moving from equilibrium to disequilibrium and back to equilibrium again

Question 30

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Answer 30

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

Question 31

sensorimotor stage

Answer 31

0-2

child interacts with environment using the senses

Question 32

preoperational stage

Answer 32

2-6 or 7

learn to represent world symbolically, language skills explode

Question 33

concrete operational stage

Answer 33

7-11 or 12

child learns new cognitive rules such as conservation, but limited to non abstract things

Question 34

formal operational stage

Answer 34

12-adulthood

abstract thinking and ability to think about the future

Question 35

preoperational egocentrism

Answer 35

inability to view situations from another’s perspective

Question 36

confusion between physical and psychological events

Answer 36

characteristic of preoperational thought, realism vs animism

Question 37

lack of conservation

Answer 37

characteristic of preoperational thought; changing an object does not necessarily change the quantity

Question 38

centration

Answer 38

characteristic of preoperational thought where there is a tendency to focus on only one aspect at a time

Question 39

transductive reasoning

Answer 39

characteristic of pre operational thought; believing things go together when they don’t

Question 40

research on Piaget’s stages

Answer 40

supports the sequence but not necessarily the ages at which they emerge

Question 41

inner speech

Answer 41

develops from self talk; children now internalize their thoughts

Question 42

actual developmental level

Answer 42

according to V the upper limit of tasks one can perform independently

Question 43

Vygotsky believed that ______ comes first

Answer 43

language

Question 44

V thought that _____ and _____ became increasingly _______

Answer 44

thought
language
interdependent

Question 45

2 contributions of culture according to V

Answer 45

content knowledge-what to think

processes- how to think

Question 46

mediated learning experience

Answer 46

adult helps child make sense of the world through discussion of an event mutually experienced

Question 47

dynamic assessment

Answer 47

teacher assesses students’ ability to learn something new, perhaps with adult asssistance

Question 48

syntax

Answer 48

set of rules to put together sentences

Question 49

pragmatics

Answer 49

use of socially effective and culturally appropriate behaviors in verbal interactions

Question 50

metalinguistic awareness

Answer 50

ability to think consciously about the nature and functions of language

Question 51

subtractive bilingualism

Answer 51

losing proficiency in native language due to discontinued use