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Biomechanics > Exam I Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam I Study Guide Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

what is kinesiology?

A

the study of human movement from a POV of physical sciences

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2
Q

what is biomechanics?

A

the physics of motion produced by biological systems

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3
Q

what is qualitative motion analysis?

A

the description of how the body looks performing skills

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4
Q

what are some examples of how motion can be analyzed qualitatively?

A

videos, 3D imaging, eye-balling

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5
Q

what is quantitative motion analysis?

A

the analysis of vectors & velocities of movement

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6
Q

what are the two approaches of qualitative motion analysis?

A

composite (total body as system) and component (breaks body down into component sections)

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7
Q

what are the four sections of a kinesiological analysis?

A

A. description of motor skill performance
B. anatomical analysis
C. mechanical analysis
D. perscriptions for improvement of performance

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8
Q

what is simultaneous movement?

A

segments move as one in a straight line (ex. tug of war, bench press)

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9
Q

what is sequential movement?

A

movement in orderly sequence (ex. javelin throwing)

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10
Q

what is Wolf’s law?

A

bone will adapt to the load placed on it

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11
Q

what is Davis’ law?

A

soft tissue models imposed demands

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12
Q

what is cortical bone?

A

dense and strong outer layer of bone

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13
Q

what is trabecular bone?

A

criss-crossed honeycomb structured bone found in interior

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14
Q

how many bones are there in the body? how many engage in voluntary movement?

A

206 bones, 177 for voluntary movement

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15
Q

what is the mechanical axis of bone?

A

the line connecting the midpoints of the ends of bones

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16
Q

what is a muscle’s line of pull?

A

the angle between the muscle insertion and the bone on which it inserts

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17
Q

what are the bones of the upper extremity?

A

scapula, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

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18
Q

what are the bones of the lower extremity?

A

pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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19
Q

what are the types of bones?

A
  • long: shaft with medullary canal (tibia)
  • short: small, chunky, solid (carpals)
  • flat: plate-like (patella)
  • irregular: spinal column bones (vertebrae)
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20
Q

what is an irregular/plane joint?

A

surfaces are flat or nearly flat, allowing bones to slide past each other (no rotation or angular movement, nonaxial)

ex. between vertebrae

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21
Q

what is a hinge joint?

A

convex surface fits into concave, flexion and extension (uniaxial)

ex. elbow, knee

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22
Q

what is a pivot joint?

A

permits rotation around a single axis, like head turning or forearm rotation

ex. C1 and C2

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23
Q

what is a condyloid joint?

A

oval or egg shaped surface that fits into concave depression of another bone (biaxial)

ex. wrist joint, knuckles of fingers, ball of foot

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24
Q

what is a saddle joint?

A

modification of condyloid that has greater freedom and stability, permits circumduction

ex. thumb joint

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25
what is a ball and socket joint?
rounded head of one bone fits into cup-shaped socket of another bone (multiaxial) ex. shoulder, hip
26
what is a synarthrotic joint?
- non-moveable - no synovial membrane - bones united by cartilage or fibrous tissue
27
what is a dyarthrotic joint?
- moveable - has synovial cavity filled with fluid - articular cartilage covering bone ends - ligaments and tendons to support and stabilize
28
where is the sagittal plane? what axis pertains to this plane?
runs from anterior to posterior and divides the body into right and left sides bilateral axis
29
where is the frontal plane? what axis pertains to this plane?
runs from right to left and splits the body into anterior and posterior parts anterior-posterior axis
30
where is the transverse plane? what axis pertains to this plane?
runs parallel to floor, and splits the body into top and bottom halves vertical axis
31
describe the longitudinal muscle classification
fibers run parallel to long axis ex. sartorius
32
describe the quadrate muscle classification
four sided, fibers run parallel to one side ex. rhomboids
33
describe the triangular muscle classification
fibers radiate from a narrow attachment at one end and broaden at the other ex. pectoralis major
34
describe the fusiform/spindle muscle classification
thick in the middle and tapers off into tendons at both ends ex. brachioradialis
35
describe the pennate muscle classification
series of short, parallel, feather like fibers that extend diagonally from one side of a long tendon ex. tibialis posterior
36
describe the bipennate muscle classification
long central tendon with fibers extending diagonally in pairs ex. rectus femoris
37
describe the multipennate muscle classification
multiple tendons run through muscle, and fibers are arranged at an angle on both sides of tendons ex. middle deltoid
38
describe the Type 1 muscle fiber
- slow contraction speed - robust capacity (fatigue resistant) - endurance/long exercises
39
describe the Type 2a muscle fiber
- fast contraction speed - moderate fatigue resistance - aerobic and glycolytic capacity - intermediate fibers
40
describe the Type 2b muscle fiber
- very fast contraction speed - fatigue quickly - short bursts of power - convert to 2a after stimulus
41
describe isometric contraction
muscle contracts but does not shorten
42
describe concentric contraction
muscle shortens
43
describe eccentric contraction
muscle lengthens
44
describe isotonic contraction
muscle maintains equal tension while length changes
45
describe isokinetic contraction
muscle contracts at constant speed, regardless of how much force is produced
46
what does a tendon connect?
muscle to bone
47
what does a ligament connect?
bone to bone
48
what is a strain?
stretching or tearing of muscle/tendon unit
49
what is a sprain?
stretching or tearing of ligament
50
what is the role of an agonist? what two types of movers are agonists?
directly responsible for producing movement prime movers: large impact assistant movers: assist when needed
51
what is the role of an antagonist?
move opposite to agonists, act as brake when agonist done moving
52
what is the role of a synergist?
stabilize, support, and neutralize; fire up necessary muscles to counteract undesired contraction
53
what are bi-articular muscles?
muscles that pass over and act on two joints ex. hamstrings
54
what is concurrent and countercurrent movement?
concurrent: both joints involved in two-joint muscle move in the same direction (flexion of hip and knee) countercurrent: both joints involved in bi-articular muscle move in opposite directions (kicking ball, knee extends and hip flexes)
55
as speed of contraction increases, force ability _________
decreases
56
if velocity increases, load __________
decreases
57
if load increases, velocity ____________
decreases
58
how is optimal body alignment identified?
- external auditory meatus - acromial process - greater trochanter - slight anterior to knee - slight anterior to lateral malleolus
59
in kyphosis, how are the muscles affected?
elongated and weak: neck flexors, scapular retractors, upper back erector spinae short and strong: neck extensors, anterior chest
60
in lordosis, how are the muscles affected?
elongated and weak: anterior abdominals, hamstrings short and strong: low back/hip, flexors
61
what is adaptive shortening?
when the distance between the origin and insertion of the muscle decreases
62
what is muscle weakness?
when the distance between the origin and insertion of the muscle increases
63
what is the kinetic chain?
- ankle/foot - knee - hip - vertebral column - shoulder
64
describe identifying a pelvic tilt by using the kinetic chain
if there is a shoulder deviation, the pelvis on that same side will rise and shorten distance from shoulder to pelvis this can result in one leg becoming longer than the other

Biomechanics (2 decks)

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