exam II

Question 1

reliability

Answer 1

consistency of a measure; increases as number of items/observations increases

Question 2

2 components of all measures

Answer 2

true score
measurement error

Question 3

assess reliability with…

Answer 3

pearson r coefficient

Question 4

test-retest reliability

Answer 4

measuring same individuals at two points

Question 5

issues with test-retest reliability?

Answer 5

artificially inflated correlation, some variables are meant to change

Question 6

internal consistency reliability

Answer 6

consistency among items within a measure, uses responses at only one time point

Question 7

split-half reliability

Answer 7

correlates scores from one half of measure with scores on other half
Spearman-brown split half reliability coefficient (reliability corrected)

Question 8

cronbach’s alpha reliability

Answer 8

data on individual items!
correlating each item to every other item in the scale
α = average inter-item correlation

Question 9

item-total correlations

Answer 9

data on individual items!
correlating each item score with the total score
helps eliminate items that are less internally consistent

Question 10

interrater reliability

Answer 10

extent to which raters agree in their observations
cohen’s kappa
operational definition is key!

Question 11

construct validity

Answer 11

is the operational definition adequate?
does the test measure what it is supposed to measure?

Question 12

face validity

Answer 12

measure appears “on the face of it” to measure what it is supposed to
not very sophisticated

Question 13

content validity

Answer 13

comparing content of measure with reality/definition of construct

Question 14

predictive validity

Answer 14

does the measure predict future behavior?

Question 15

concurrent validity

Answer 15

examines relationship between scores on a measure and criterion behavior measured at the same time

Question 16

convergent validity

Answer 16

scores on the measure correlate well with scores on a another measure of the same construct

Question 17

discriminant validity

Answer 17

measure is not related to variables in which it should not be related
can discriminate between the measure and other potentially related variables

Question 18

qualitative approach

Answer 18

observation of behavior in natural setting or descriptions of world/participants
interviews, focus groups, open ended questions

Question 19

quantitative approach

Answer 19

specific behavior can be counted
statistical analysis
surveys/observations with coding schemes

Question 20

naturalistic observation issues

Answer 20

ethics of concealment
nonparticipant observer vs participant observer

Question 21

naturalistic observation limitations

Answer 21

not always appropriate for well-defined hypotheses
population/time/resources/location difficult

Question 22

systematic observation

Answer 22

observation of several specific behaviors in specific setting
behavior quantified with coding scheme
natural or lab setting

Question 23

systematic observation coding system

Answer 23

system for rating behaviors of interest, usually for frequency or degree
establish interrater reliability (cohen’s kappa)

Question 24

systematic observation limitations

Answer 24

equipment, reactivity, long periods of time better for data

Question 25

case study

Answer 25

detailed description of a single person/small group of persons OR a single setting

Question 26

H.M.

Answer 26

partial retrograde amnesia unable to recall recent past

Question 27

phineas gage

Answer 27

damage to frontal lobe emotion/personality/goals

Question 28

types of archival research

Answer 28

statistical records, survey archives, communication records

Question 29

content analysis

Answer 29

coding system to quantify information in record

Question 30

survey 3 general types of quesitons

Answer 30

demographics/facts, attitudes/beliefs, behaviors

Question 31

"yea-saying" or "nay-saying" response sets

Answer 31

respondents employ a response set to agree or disagree with all statements

Question 32

simplicity

Answer 32

phrase questions to be more simple / therefore understandable

Question 33

loaded questions

Answer 33

avoid emotionally charged words, insinuating ideas through question or not being specific

Question 34

negative wording

Answer 34

confusing wording that can sound like opposite question

Question 35

semantic rating scale

Answer 35

bad _ _ _ _ x _ _ good

Question 36

labeling response alternatives can...

Answer 36

can influence responding with frequency presented

Question 37

larger sample size is better for...

Answer 37

generalizing and detecting an effect that actually exists (reducing type II error rate)

Question 38

probability sampling

Answer 38

each member of the population has a specifiable probability of being chosen

Question 39

nonprobability sampling

Answer 39

do NOT know probability of any member being chosen

Question 40

simple random sampling

Answer 40

each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

Question 41

stratified random sampling

Answer 41

population is divided into subgroups (strata) randomly select members from each stratum

Question 42

cluster sampling

Answer 42

identify clusters of individuals, clusters are randomly chosen, all individuals in cluster are included in the sample

Question 43

haphazard "convenience" sampling

Answer 43

selecting a sample from environment in any way that is convenient

Question 44

purposive sampling

Answer 44

identifying a criterion, conveniently sample from population

Question 45

quota sampling

Answer 45

sample reflects the numerical composition of the population

Question 46

sampling frame

Answer 46

the actual population of individuals or clusters that a random sample will be drawn from

Question 47

continuous measurement scales

Answer 47

interval and ratio allow for means and standard deviations

Question 48

measures of central tendency

Answer 48

mean, median, mode

Question 49

variability measures

Answer 49

range and standard deviation

Question 50

comparing group percentages measurement

Answer 50

nominal IV, nominal/ordinal DVs inferential statistic = chi square

Question 51

correlating individual scores measurement

Answer 51

interval/ratio IV, interval/ratio DVs individuals measured on two variables inferential statistic = pearson r or multiple regression

Question 52

comparing group means measurement

Answer 52

nominal IV, interval or ratio DV compare mean response of participants in two or more groups inferential statistic = t test or ANOVA

Question 53

correlation coefficient

Answer 53

a statistic that describes how strongly variables are related to one another

Question 54

pearson r coefficient

Answer 54

-1.00 to 1.00 detects only linear relationship measure of effect

Question 55

small v medium v large effect

Answer 55

small (r ≈ |.10|) medium (r ≈ |.30|) large (r ≥ |.50|)

Question 56

r2

Answer 56

percentage of shared variance between two variables

Question 57

multiple correlation/regression

Answer 57

when you have more than one IV (predictor) predicting a single DV (criterion)

Question 58

partial correlation

Answer 58

correlation between two variables of interest, with the influence of third variable removed from original correlation statistically controlling third variable