Exam II Flashcards
(222 cards)
What is the most abundant macronutrient in the body?
Protein
What are some functions of proteins in the body?
Signaling, structure, immunity, transport, enzymes, fluid balance, and buffers
What are hormones?
chemical messengers made in one part of the body that regulates another part.
What are peptide hormones? Examples
chemical messengers that are made up of multiple amino acids. Examples: glucagon, PTH
What are amino acid derivatives? Examples
Hormones that are made from a single amino acid. Examples: tyrosine creates thyroxine, histidine creates histamine, tryptophan creates serotonin
What are cytokines? Examples
Small proteins that act as regulators of growth and differentiation. Ex: Interelukin-1 (IL-1), TNF-alpha, IL-6, CRP, IL-10
What is the best indicator of inflammation?
C-reactive protein (CRP)
What cytokine is produced during exercise?
IL-10. It is used as an anti-inflammatory.
What are the two types of structural proteins?
Fibrous (collagen, elastin, keratin) and Contractile (actin and myosin)
What are immunoproteins?
Y-shaped proteins that contain 4 peptides. They bind to antigens and inactivate them.
Which class of immunoprotein is involved with allergies
IgE
What do transport proteins do?
They combine with other substances and act as modes of transport through the body.
What are some examples of transport proteins?
Albumin, hemoglobin, transferrin, and vitamin D-binding protein.
What are enzymes?
They are biological catalysts that speed up a reaction by lowering the energy needed for that reaction to occur. They regulate metabolic pathways and are necessary for life.
What biological necessity is attracted to proteins?
Water
What can a protein deficiency lead to in terms of fluid balance?
It can cause fluid to leak into interstitial spaces, leading to edema.
What can a protein deficiency be caused by?
Kidney disease, large wounds, liver disease, or MALNUTRITION
What is Kwashiorkor?
Protein malnutrition
What is a buffer?
A compound that prevents a change in pH.
What acts as a buffer in red blood cells?
Hemoglobin
When a base is added to a solution, what happens to the H+ concentration?
The H+ concentration decreases
When a base is added to a solution, how does a protein act as a buffer?
The protein donates hydrogens
When a base is added to a solution, which part of the protein donates a H+ ion?
The amino group
What are amino acids?
They are the building blocks of proteins