Exam II

Question 1

Reversible atonal injury leads to cell body enlargement and ____________

Answer 1

central chromatolysis

Question 2

Irreversible atonal injury leads to cell body enlargement and ____________

Answer 2

Pyknosis

Question 3

The “red neurons” in an image indicate the presence of ______________

Answer 3

Irreversible atonal injury

Question 4

Which cells are primarily responsible for gliosis within the central nervous system

Answer 4

Astrocytes

Question 5

Which 3 morphological changes are associated with severe cerebral edema

Answer 5

Flattening of the gyri
Compression of the ventricles
Narrowing of the sulci

Question 6

What is most likely to develop following severe neurodegeneration

Answer 6

Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Question 7

What is the most common type of cerebral herniation

Answer 7

Subalcine (cingulate)

Question 8

What are the two mechanisms of cerebrovascular disease

Answer 8

Thrombotic occlusions of vessel

Vascular rupture

Question 9

A flame shaped hemorrhage inside the pons, following severe transtentorial herniation is known as_________________

Answer 9

Duret hemorrhage

Question 10

What leukocyte S are present at the site of cerebral infarction within the first 24 hours

Answer 10

Neutrophils

Question 11

Focal cerebral ischemia is the result of arterial occlusion and is most likely commonly cause by

Answer 11

Embolism

Question 12

What is the most common cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer 12

Rupture of a saccular (berry) aneurysm

Question 13

The leading cause of a primary parenchymal hemorrhage is

Answer 13

Hypertension

Question 14

What is the most common vascular malformation of the brain

Answer 14

Ateriovenous malformation

Question 15

Health care provider should prefer an MRI of the brain to identify the structural changes associated with the development of concussion
T/F

Answer 15

False

Question 16

Epidural hematomas involve the disruption of _________, while Subdural hematomas involve the disruption of _________

Answer 16

Arteries, veins

Question 17

Spina bifida occulta and myelomeningocele are associated with maternal folate deficiency and are considered to be

Answer 17

Neural tube defect

Question 18

A fluid filled cavity located within the spinal cord is called

Answer 18

Syringgomyelia (syrinx)

Question 19

What is the most common cause for a central nervous system infection

Answer 19

Hemotogenous spread

Question 20

Which form of meningitis demonstrates extremely high neutrophil counts on CSF examination

Answer 20

Acute pyogenic meningitis

Question 21

Which of the following microbes may case spirochetal infections in the CNS

Answer 21

Treponema pallidum (syphallis) 
Borrelia burgdorferi (lymes)

Question 22

Relapsing and remitting episodes of neurological impairments are characteristically associated with

Answer 22

Multiple sclerosis

Question 23

A 31 year old female patient reports a rapid onset of: pain near her right suboccipital region, unilateral visual impairment, and 2 episodes of urinary incontinence in the past 48 hours. What follow up will provide you with the most information regarding risk for multiple sclerosis

Answer 23

Asking about family history of MS

Question 24

Gastric carcinoma and chronic alcoholism are commonly associated with __________ deficiency and mat cause confusion, ataxia, and profound memory disturbances

Answer 24

Thiamine

Question 25

Large deposits of beta-amyloid are most likely to be present in the brains of individuals suffering from

Answer 25

Alzheimer's disease

Question 26

Motor disturbances that are the result of mated dopaminergic neurons of the substantial nigra are most likely to be attributed to

Answer 26

Parkinson's disease

Question 27

Intracellular Lewy body inclusions indicate the presence of

Answer 27

Parkinson's disease

Question 28

What neurodegenerative condition develops following the inheritance of a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion which causes severe cerebral atrophy

Answer 28

Huntington's disease

Question 29

What causes upper and lower motor neuron death

Answer 29

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Question 30

What is the most aggressive type of diffuse astrocytoma

Answer 30

Glioblastoma

Question 31

What tumors of the CNS is most likely to develop along the central canal of the spinal cord

Answer 31

Ependymoma

Question 32

What is most likely to develop along the dura and may invade into the overlying bone

Answer 32

Meningioma

Question 33

What causes the most clinically significant vascular disorder

Answer 33

Arterial lesions

Question 34

Atherosclerosis is most likely to occur in

Answer 34

Large muscular arteries

Question 35

The tunica media is separated from the tunica adventitia by the

Answer 35

External elastic lamina

Question 36

Which layer of the vessel wall contains endothelial cells

Answer 36

Tunica intima

Question 37

Peripheral vascular resistance is regulated in the

Answer 37

Arterioles

Question 38

Compared to arteries veins are less prone to dilated and penetration by tumors T/F

Answer 38

False

Question 39

What congenital vascular anomaly can lead to renovascular hypertension and is most common within females

Answer 39

Fibromuscular dysplasia

Question 40

The release of atrial natriuretic peptide promotes

Answer 40

Sodium excretion

Question 41

What percentage of the general population is hypertensive

Answer 41

25%

Question 42

Without appropriate treatment ______ of hypertensive individuals will die from stroke

Answer 42

33%

Question 43

What is the standard response following vascular injury

Answer 43

Intimal thickening (irreversible)

Question 44

What are the categories of arteriosclerosis

Answer 44

Arteriosclerosis Mockenberg medial sclerosis Atherosclerosis

Question 45

Following vascular injury, extracellular matrix and _______ accumulate within the tunica media

Answer 45

Smooth muscle cells

Question 46

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by the presence of

Answer 46

Insulin resistance Dyslipidimia Central obesity

Question 47

The 2 key features of atheroma development are intimal thickening and lipid accumulation T/F

Answer 47

True

Question 48

Eventually everyone older than _____ years will demonstrate the presence of fatty streaks

Answer 48

15

Question 49

What are the components of atherosclerotic plaques

Answer 49

Smooth muscle cells | Macrophages

Question 50

What are the major clinical concequences of atherosclerosis

Answer 50

MI Peripheral vascular disease Aortic aneurysm

Question 51

What individuals are at the greatest risk to developing an AAA

Answer 51

White males over the age of 50

Question 52

When blood splays apart the laminar planes of the tunica media to form a blood filled channel within the aortic wall it is called a

Answer 52

Vascular dissection

Question 53

An abdominal aortic aneurysm measuring 5.7cm in diameter is at an______risk of rupture each year

Answer 53

11% | Over 6cm 25%

Question 54

The mortality rate for elective AAA surgery is _____ while the rate for emergency surgery is 50%

Answer 54

5%

Question 55

The 2nd most common pathogenic mechanism for vasculitis are immune mediated inflammation and ______ ______

Answer 55

Physical trauma | Irradiation

Question 56

Which type of aortic dissection is the most sever and the most common type

Answer 56

Type A

Question 57

The abrupt onset of ocular symptoms most likely to be associated with

Answer 57

Giant cell arthritis

Question 58

Fibrinoid necrosis is most likely to be associated with what 2 conditions

Answer 58

Polyarteritis nodosa | Kawasaki disease

Question 59

Buerger disease occurs almost exclusively in

Answer 59

Smokers

Question 60

Kaposi sarcoma is a lymphatic neoplasm associated with which microbial agent

Answer 60

Human herpesvirus

Question 61

The development of hepatic angiosarcomas is commonly associated with exposure to what

Answer 61

``` Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (And arsenic) ```