exam ii: ch10

Question 1

process where we assign #s using a set of rules

Answer 1

measurement

Question 2

concrete objective things such as O2 sat, temp, weight

Answer 2

direct measures

Question 3

abstract concepts such as pain, depression, coping, self-care, and self esteem

Answer 3

indirect measures

Question 4

type of measurement: lowest level; categories that are different, mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories
- labeled and named categories

Answer 4

nominal

Question 5

type of measurement: order/ranking imposed on categories; numbers MUST preserve order into categories which have a natural order/rank

Answer 5

ordinal

Question 6

type of measurement: equal numerical distances between intervals; absence of a zero point
- ex: likert scales

Answer 6

interval

Question 7

type of measurement: highest form of measurement; continuum of values, NEED to have absolute zero point

Answer 7

ratio

Question 8

difference between the true measure + what is actually measured

Answer 8

measurement error

Question 9

type of measurement error: variation in measurement is in the same direction/pattern

Answer 9

systematic error

Question 10

type of measurement error: the difference is without pattern

Answer 10

random error

Question 11

focuses on the consistency of a measurement method; determines measurement error in instrument/scale in study

Answer 11

reliability

Question 12

explain the following reliability scores:
- 1.00
- 0.00
- 0.80

Answer 12

• 1.00: perfect reliability
• 0.00: no reliability
• 0.80: lowest acceptable coefficient for well dev measurement tool

Question 13

stability, equivalence, internal consistency (homogeneity)

Answer 13

types of reliability

Question 14

concerned with the consistency of repeated measures or test-retest reliability

Answer 14

stability

Question 15

focused on comparing 2 ver of the same instrument (alt forms reliability) or two observers (interrator reliability) measuring the same event

Answer 15

equivalence

Question 16

addresses the correlation of various items within the instrument/internal consistency;
- determined by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient

Answer 16

internal consistency

Question 17

consistency in raters

Answer 17

interrator reliability

Question 18

how to calculate interrator reliability?

Answer 18

% = number of behaviors performed/total number of behaviors

Question 19

how well an instrument measures the abstract concept it was developed to measure

Answer 19

validity

Question 20

proportion of patients with the condition/disease with positive test

Answer 20

sensitivity ratio

Question 21

proportion of patients without the disease who have a negative result

Answer 21

specificity ratio

Question 22

determine the likelihood that a positive result is a true positive (based off of sensitivity and specificity results)

Answer 22

likelihood ratio

Question 23

type of measurement strat: quantify the level of functioning of the human being

Answer 23

physiological measurements

Question 24

type of measurement strat: interaction between study participants and observer(s), has the opportunity to watch the participant perform in a specific setting
- usually in qualitative studies

Answer 24

observational measurement

Question 25

type of measurement strat: verbal communication between the researcher and the study participant, during which info is provided to the researcher

Answer 25

interviews

Question 26

type of measurement strat: self report form designed to elicit information through written, verbal, or electronic responses of the study participant

Answer 26

questionnaires

Question 27

rating, likert, semantic differntial, visual analog

Answer 27

types of scales

Question 28

addresses the extent to which the instrument measures what it is supposed to measure in a study

Answer 28

accuracy

Question 29

degree of consistency or reproducibility of measurements made with physiological instruments

Answer 29

precision

Question 30

explain the difference between semantic and likert scale?

Answer 30

semantic: circles to choose are not labeled, just in a spectrum of very satisfied to very dis-satisfied

Question 31

what is an important rule with interval data?

Answer 31

there must be equal numerical distances between intervals

Question 32

what is the lowest form of measurement?

Answer 32

nominal

Question 33

what is the highest form of measurement

Answer 33

ratio

Question 34

what is the benefit of measuring a concept with multiple methods?

Answer 34

decreases measurement error + increases understanding of the concept

Question 35

what concepts are associated with reliability testing?

Answer 35

dependability, consistency, accuracy, and compatibility

Question 36

what ratios are used to determine a gold standard?

Answer 36

sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio