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Virology > Exam II: Lecture 4a > Flashcards

Exam II: Lecture 4a Flashcards

1
Q

Define Etiological Agent

A

Origin of the disease

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2
Q

Can viruses be of the same family and present with different symptoms? Can viruses be from different families and present with the same symptoms?

A

Yes and Yes

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3
Q

Define virome

A

A comprehensive survey of viruses in the body

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4
Q

Does a virus have to be causing disease in order to be counted in the virome?

A

No

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5
Q

What is the range of distinct viruses in the stool of a healthy person? (Virome)

A

52-2773

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of emergency room visits for children? How many viruses sequences in plasma samples of sick children? (what is the normal amount?)

A

Fevers caused by unidentifable viruses
10,000 virus sequences
1,000 virus sequences

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7
Q

Define viral load

A

Number of viral particles in a particular virus in your body

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8
Q

What are the four patterns of diseases?

A
  1. Acute, non-persistent
  2. Acute followed by persistent
  3. Chronic (latency)
  4. Slow infections (TSEs; transmissible spongiform encephalopathies)
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9
Q

What is an acute, non-persistent infection?

A

Viral load spikes quickly and then dissapears

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10
Q

What is an acute followed by a persistent infection?

A

Viral load spikes quickly and then hovers at a low level

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11
Q

What is a chronic infection?

A

The viral load spikes a little more slowly and then drops to VERY low levels due to latency

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12
Q

What is a slow infection?

A

The viral load never spikes, it starts slow and has a small positive slope

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13
Q

What is an example of an acute, non-persistent infection?

A

Flu

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14
Q

What is an example of an acute followed by persistent infection?

A

HIV

Hep C

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15
Q

What is an example of a chronic infection?

A

Chicken Pox

Herpes

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16
Q

What is an example of a slow infection?

A

TSEs ( transmissible spongiform encephalopathies)

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

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17
Q

Define latency

A

The virus shuts down gene expression and goes into hiding

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18
Q

What are some examples of a latent infection?

A

Herpes
Varicella zoster
Epstein-Barr

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19
Q

Define shedding

A

How viruses get from one host to another

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20
Q

What are some common routes of viral shedding? (9)

A 
Mucus
Salival
Semen
Feces
Skin abrasions
Breast milk
Cervical secretions
Urine
Viremia (blood)
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21
Q

Define viremia

A

Blood

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22
Q

What two aspects of a virus help determine the path of shedding?

A
  1. Tropism

2. Structure

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23
Q

What are different environmental factors that can affect a virus while shedding? Especially a naked virus (4)

A

pH
Temp
Humidity
Organic matter

24
Q

Coronaviruses are responsible for what percentage of the common cold?

25
What diseases do coronavirus cause? (2)
Respiratory disease | Enteric diesease
26
How is coronavirus spread?
Aerosols
27
What is the cause of death via coronavirus?
Respiratory insufficiency
28
Where did SARS first appear? When? How severe was it?
SE Asia 2002 Very severe, killed 775 people in only 6 months
29
What virus causes the swine flu? Where and when did it first appear?
H1N1 - Influenza A | Mexico 2009
30
What is the estimated infection rate of the swine flu? How many people did it kill?
~20% of the population in 19 countries | Killed ~200,000 people
31
What are the 4 types of rashes a virus can cause?
1. Vesicular 2. Macular 3. Maculopapular 4. Postular
32
What is an example of a virus that causes a macular rash? What can this virus cause?
Rubella (German Measles) Deadly Cause spontaneous abortion
33
What is an example of a virus that causes vesicular rash?
Herpes Simplex virus (HSV-1) | Herpes zoster
34
What is a visible symptom of HSV-1? What triggers it? What can it lead to over time?
Cold sore UV light triggers it Chicken pox -> latency -> shingles = varicella zoster virus
35
What is the varicella-zoster virus? Symptoms, how long it lasts, treatment, what causes it to reactivate, how is it spread?
``` Causes chickenpox and shingles Vesicular rash; painful, itchy Lasts 3-5 days Treat with antiviral Acyclovir Triggers of reactivation are unknown Spread by physical touch / airborne ```
36
What is Epstein Barr Virus; what does it cause, symptoms, what can it eventually cause, what is the infection rate, treatment
``` Maculopapular Rash Causes infectious mononucleosis Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands Virus can go latent in B cells and cause B cell lymphoma Infects 95% of population No antiviral drugs or vaccines ```
37
What is an example of a virus that causes a maculopapular rash?
Epstien Barr Virus
38
What is HPV; frequency of infection, symptoms, what can it eventually cause, treatment
Occurs in 75% of sexually active women Causes skin warts/asymptomatic Eventually can cause cervical cancer Vaccine for HPV
39
Do all strains of HPV cause cervical cancer?
No, only some of them
40
What percentage of women who are infected with HPV develop cervical cancer?
8% | 10% will develop precancerous lesiouns
41
What is Foot and Mouth Disease; what virus causes it, symptoms, how long does it last, does it affect humans, how does it spread?
``` Caused by FMDV positive ssRNA picornavirus Vesicle formation in hooves and mouth -> erosion Highly infectious Last 2-3 years Cattle quarantined and vaccinated Spread through direct contact, aerosols ```
42
What is the difference between HSV1 and HSV2?
``` HSV1 = blister and genital HSV2 = genital ```
43
What is hepatitus C virus; how is it transmitted, what type of infection does it cause, what does it ultimately cause
Transmitted via blood Persistant infection Death of liver over 10 years Liver cancer
44
What is the number one cause of liver transplants?
Hep C
45
What is variola; common name, when did it first appear, when was the US last case, worlds last case?
Smallpox 1,000s of years ago 1949 1977
46
Symptoms of variola (smallpox); mode of infection
Bumps filled with thick, opaque fluid | Postulates on skin that actively shed virus/airborne = face to face contact or contaminated clothing/bedding
47
What are the two forms of variola (smallpox); symptoms, fatality rate
1. Variola major = rash, high fever, infectious, 30% fatality rate 2. Variola minor = 1% fatality rate
48
Treatment for smallpox/variola?
No cure | ONLY vaccination
49
Talk me through the progression of smallpox
1. Incubation for 7-17 days, noncontagious 2. High fever, headache, body ache for 2-4 days 3. Rash on tongue, rash on body, fever gone for 4 days 4. Pustules for 5 days 5. Scaabs for 2 weeks after rash appears 6. Scabs fall off for 6 days The person is now noncontagious
50
What are the chances of a reoccurrence of a smallpox epidemic? By what mechanism?
Very low a. Natural orthopox mutation into virus that can cause smallpox-like illness b. Reintroduction from lab
51
What is Hantavirus; what family, genome type, common name, where is it found, what is the mode of shedding
``` Sin Nombre virus Bunyavirus family negative ss circular RNA Found in 4 corners area Persit in dried feces > inhaled into lungs > grow again > fill the lungs with fluid > drown ```
52
What is Dengue Virus; what animal carries it, was genome type is it
``` Insect borne (mosquitos) Flavivirus = cause of dengue hemorrhagic fever + ssRNA ```
53
What is the duration of incubation in Dengue virus? Symptoms?
2-7 days | Generalized myalgia, rash on trunk, soles, palms, severe joint pain for months
54
What are some viruses that are present-day threats (3)
1. Influenza 2. West Nile Virus 3. Chikungunya
55
What does Flavi mean?
Yellow | Flavivirus = causes jaundice
56
What makes dengue virus unique? What does this have to do with vaccination?
It uses antibody assisted entry So if you survive the first infection, and are infected a second time by a different strain, it will be worse and there is an increased risk of mortality Vaccination opens up this possibility

Virology (22 decks)

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