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Microbiology > EXAM II MICROBIO > Flashcards

EXAM II MICROBIO Flashcards

1
Q

preserving bacterial cultures

A

deep freezing: helps draw cultures (-50C to -95C)
lyophilization: removes water, becomes powder form (-54C to 72C)

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2
Q

Winograsky column

A

distributes microbes, preserved for years
“zones of development”

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3
Q

gene sequences of ___ suggest there are more than 80 phyla

A

16 SrRNA

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4
Q

4 phyla of bacteria

A

proteobacteria
actinobacteria
firmicutes
bacteroidetes

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5
Q

proteobacteria

A

-gram negative stain
-diversity of form (various shapes)
-share common form of cell envelope

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6
Q

5 classes of proteobacteria

A

alphaproteobacteria
betaproteobacteria
gammaproteobacteria
deltaproteobacteria
epsilonproteobacteria

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7
Q

alphaproteobacteria

A

nitrogen fixing –> agricultural importance
obligate or facultative intracellular
oligotrophs: grow at low level of nutrients

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8
Q

What is an illness of alphaproteobacteria

A

Rickettsia
-R. rickettsi: rocky mountain spotted fever (face rash)
infects ticks, human becomes infected after tick bite

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9
Q

Betaproteobacteria

A

wide range of environments
Neisseria (gram -, coffee bean cocci) : fastidious, difficult to culture
-require moisture and CO2, grow on chocolate agar
*Gonnorhea
*Bacterial meningitis

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10
Q

Gammaproteobacteria

A

largest subgroup of proteobacteria
PSEUDONOMAS:
gram negative bacillus
pyanocin: soluble green culture
aerobic
hospital acquired infections, cystic fibrosis
grow in low temp
grow on soaps, antibiotics
-anti drug resistant

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11
Q

pseudonomas aeruginosa

A

aerobic, gram -, highly motile
grows in soil as decomposer
infect surgical wounds or form biofilms in CF
resistant to antibiotics and form biofilms

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12
Q

Legionella pneumophila

A

related to pseudonomads
grow in warm waters
grow inside ameba and human macrophages
transmitted to humans via inhalation of aerosolized ameba with Legionella inside

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13
Q

Deltaproteobacteria

A

sulfate or sulfur reducing
gram negative
Bdellovibrio: obligate aerobe, parasitic (feed on other bacteria)
Desulfovibrio: reduce sulfur, remove toxic wastes
Myxobacteria: colonies, live in soil by gliding

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14
Q

Epsilonbacteria

A

slender gram negative rods, helical or curved
Campylobacter: spiral rod, microaerophilic, infect chicken, transmit to humans via uncooked chicken
Helicobacter: spiral rod, damage inner lining of stomach
motile flagella

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14
Q

Gram positive is differentiated by

A

low or high G+C nucleotides in their DNA

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15
Q

Firmicutes

A

form endospores ex. Clostridum, Bacillus to resist environment changes
-lactic acid
-LOW G+C

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15
Q

Bacteria with gram positive cell walls

A

*firmicutes
*actinobacteria

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15
Q

Bacillus

A

endospores
B. thuringiensis: insecticide
B. anthacis: anthrax
B. cerus: food poisoning

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16
Q

Clostridium (forms neurotoxins)

A

obligate anaerobes
form endospores (club-shaped)
C tetani: tetanus, spastic paralysis
C botulinum: botulism, flaccid paralysis
C perfringens: has gangrene
C dificile: diarrhea, microbiota eradicated by antibiotics

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17
Q

Mycoplasma (firmicutes)

A

lacks cell wall

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18
Q

Actinobacteria

A

non- endospore forming
HIGH G+C
peptidoglycans in cell wall

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19
Q

Listeria spp (firmicute)

A

intracellular pathogen causing diseases Gi tract and nervous system
-Listeria monocytogenes: delivery, miscarriage, stillbirth

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20
Q

gram positive cocci (firmicute)

A

enterococcus
streptococcus (chains)
staphylococcus

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21
Q

streptococcus

A

chains, aerotolerant
grow in O2, ferment sugar (lower pH to dimeralize)
lack ETC
oral cavity, skin, intestines
site: blood clot –> spread to other tissues

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22
Q

groups of streptococci

A

pyogene (strep throat)
viridans (dental carries)

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23
Q

blood agar hemolysis

A

destroys RBCs, complete RBC hemolysis - Beta hemolysis
- S pyogenes: strep throat
-S. agalactiae: neonatal sepsis, meningtis

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23
Q

alpha hemolysis of streptococci

A

incomplete hemolysis, greenish, hydrogen peroxide produced
presence of oxygen

S. pneumonae
S. mutans: causes dental caries

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23
Q

streptococcus structure

A

chains

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24
Q

staphyloccus

A

facultative anaerobe
grapelike cocci clusters
tolerate drying and high salt
nasal secretions
S. epidermis: skin scalded syndrome, bone infection
S. aureus: wound infection, antibiotic resistance, produces enterotoxin

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24
Q

enterococcus (nonspore firmicute)

A

fecal origin
found in intestinal tract, hands, bedding, hospitals
antibiotic resistance
E faecalis and faecium infect surgical wounds and urinary tract
vancomycin

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25
Q

Staph Aureus is resistant to

A

methicillium
MRSA (methillium resistant StaphA)

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26
Q

mycoplasma

A

pleomorphic
self- replicating
lack cell wall
M. pneumonae causes mild pneumonia

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27
Q

actinobacteria

A

-high G+C
-gram positive bacteria
-pleomorphic, some branching

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28
Q

actinomycetes

A

form mycelia with branching filaments
streptomyces
Streptomyces coelicolor: produces many antibiotics
Frankia: older trees, nitrogen-fixing
nocardia: acid fast
N. asteroides cause pulmonary infections

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29
Q

actinobacteria

A

mycolic acid, acid fast
dont form mycelia

Gardenella vaginalis
Corynebacterium diphterae: metachromatic granules white greyish membrane is formed blocking the air to reach lungs
DTap
Propionibacterium freduenrichii makes swiss cheese (ferm.)
cutibacterium: found in skin, acne

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30
Q

mycobacterium (actinobacteria)

A

high G+C
common in soils
acid fast bacilli (mycolic acids)
mycrobacterium tuberculosis
-tubercle: lumps/knots -> Grohns complex -> bacteria -> latent infection
M. leprae: PNS loss of sensitive disfigurement nodules

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31
Q

Deinococcota

A

-actinobacteria
-resist radiation
-unique DNA
-red or pink

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32
Q

Thermus aquaticus

A

hot spring in Yellowstone
source of Taq polymerase- thermotolerant enzyme used in Polymerase chain rx

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33
Q

gram negative nonproteobacteria

A

chlymydia
spirochetes
CFB
plantomycetes

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34
Q

chlamydias

A

lack cell wall but not mycoplasma
obligate parasites/ pathogens

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35
Q

life cycle of chlymadia

A
  1. elementary body attach to host (infective, condensed DNA)
  2. endocytosis
  3. EB differentiates to reticulate body (cytoplasm, uncondensed- threadlike)
    4.RB replicates
    5.RB develop into EB
  4. cell lyses - release EB
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36
Q

elementary body of chlymadia

A

small, dense and reisstant to drying and means of dispersal
specialized for infectious transmission

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37
Q

reticulate body of chlymadia

A

vegetative form, divide by binary fission
noninfectious
convert to elementary body when host cell disintegrates

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38
Q

types of chlymadia

A

trachomatis: blindness in humans, STD
psittaci: respiratory psittacosis (birds and humans)
pneumonae: pneumonia

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39
Q

spirochetes

A

twisted
spiral shaped
darkfield microscope
trepoma pallidum: syphillus
endoflagella in periplasm, outer sheath
genus Borrelia
B burgdorferi causes lyme disase
B recurrents cause Louse born relapse fever

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40
Q

CFB group

A

cytophaga
fuscobacterium
bacteroides

*nonproteobacteria gram negative

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41
Q

cytophaga

A

motile aquatic bacteria that glide (slimy substance is released)
degrade cellulose and chitin in soil

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42
Q

fuscobacteria

A

anaerobic
in mouth –> dental abscesses

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43
Q

bacteroides

A

obligate anaerobe
human colon: fermnent ingestible sugars and breakdown toxins
Bacteroides thetaiotamicron: in lumen of large intestine –degrades complex polysaccs

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44
Q

phototropic bacteria

A

both proteo and nonproteo
use sunlight as energy
oxygenic photosynthesis: cyanobacteria
anoxygenic photosynthesis
classified into sulfur and nonsulfur bacteria - hydrogen sulfide

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45
Q

purple and green sulfur bacteria use

A

reduced sulfur ie. Hydrogen sulfide and produce sulfur rather than oxygen

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46
Q

what compounds carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

green sulfur bacteria: Chlorobi
green nonsulfur bacteria: Chloroflexi

purple sulfur and nonsulfur are proteo

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47
Q

cyanobacteriaa

A

oxygenic photoautotrophs
fix nitrogen
changed anoxic atmosphere -> oxygen
heterocysts - specialized cells

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48
Q

cyanobacteria bloomds

A

swimmers
peptide
toxins

*edible spirulina salad

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49
Q

purple sulfur bacteria

A

purple bc carotenoid pigments
capture light
transfer e- to bacteriochlorophyll

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50
Q

plantomycetes

A

gram negative, budding bacteria
cell wall resemble archae
organelle resemble eukarya
gamma obsuriglobus: membrane around DNA, resemble eukaryotic nucleus

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51
Q

Gemmata obscuriglobus

A

double membrane surrounding nucleoid resmbles a eukaryotic nucleus

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52
Q

enterobacteriacae (gammaproteobacteria)

A

enterics: intestinal tract
facultative anaerobes: motile, commensals + pathogens
flagella cell surface

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53
Q

salmonella

A

salmonella enterica: 3500 seratypes - serover –> salmonella externica - typhmminum - person to person via water and feces
salmonella enterica: food illness
salmonella typhi: typhoid fever (person to person)

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54
Q

Escherichia

A

e coli
-food contamination
-UTI

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55
Q

gammaproteobacteria

A

shigella
klebsiella
serratia
proteus
yestinia
erwina

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56
Q

shigella (gamma)

A

e. coli, shiga toxin

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57
Q

klebsiella

A

solid, nitogen fixing
k. pneuomnaie: causes pneumonia

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58
Q

serratia

A

produces red pigment
nosocominal infections- hospital acquired via catheters, saline irrigation tubes

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59
Q

proteus

A

swarming motility, colonies form concentric rings
-uti, kidney stones, pH alkaline
proteus mirabilis: concentric rings, have flagella in edges, center = loose flagella

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60
Q

yestinia

A

Y pestis causes plague
fleas

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61
Q

erwinia

A

plant pathogens
pectinase- hydrolyzes pectin

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62
Q

archae

A

pseudopeptidoglycan
five major phyla:
crenarcheota
euryaarcheota
korarcheota
nanoarcheota
thaumarcheota

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63
Q

crearcheota

A

aquatic organisms
aerobic: heterotroph
anaerobe: store sulfur

sulfolobus:
-thermophile, acidophile
-oxidizes sulfur; used for thermostable and acid- resistant protiens

thermoproteus:
-lipid monolayer instead if bilayer
-strictly anaerobic
-deepest branching genus of archae
-plants earliest forms of life
-reduce sulfur or hydrogen and use CO2 or CO as carbon source`

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64
Q

euryachaeota

A

methane producing archae
Halobacteria
-high conc of sodium chloride
-photosynthesis using bacteriorhodopsin

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65
Q

two main types of microbiota

A

permenant
transient: temporary -> pathogens

human microbiota: mutualistic relationship

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66
Q

mutuatlism (symbiotic)

A

both benefit
ex. e coli

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66
Q

amensalism

A

one is harmed, other is unaffected

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67
Q

commensalism

A

one is benefitted, other is unaffected
ex. S. epidermis (dead cells benefit) on skin

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68
Q

parasitism

A

one benefits, other is harmed
ex. influenza virus

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69
Q

neutralism

A

both are unaffected

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70
Q

acidic environment

A

inhibits growth of other pathogens

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71
Q

locatioons of commensal microorganisms

A

skin: Staph epidermis
oral cavity: no teeth - aerotolerent bacteria - streptolococcus between teeth - teeth gums - anaerobic - Streplolococci fuscobacterium
upper respiratory tract
intestines
urogenital tract: lactobacillus - vagina - glycogen and candida inhibit yeast grown in vagina

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72
Q

GI tract health is influenced by

A

host
genetics
diet lifestyle

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73
Q

adults (vaginal health)

A

lactobacillus -> lactic acid -> yeast infections

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74
Q

before puberty (vaginal health)

A

pH is neutral
Strapholoccus, Streptolococcus

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75
Q

vaginal birth vs cesarian birth

A

vaginal: lactobacillus and bacteroides
ceserean: staph aureus; nosocomial pathogens

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76
Q

eukaryotes

A

fungi:
-microscopic
-hyphae filament
-yeast single cell

protozoa:
-first animal
-amoeba
-paramecia -> motile

algae:
-plants
-algae: chloroplast - motile

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77
Q

fungi and microsporidians

A

lack motility
tough cell walls
heterotrophs
lignin

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78
Q

cilates

A

cilia
some are parasites

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79
Q

apicomplexans

A

apical complex allows attachment and penetration of host cell

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80
Q

helminths

A

multocellular worms

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81
Q

arthopods

A

multicellular insects

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82
Q

fungi

A

many are beneficial: recycle vital elements
decompose dead plants, recycle elements – Saprophytic
mycorrhizae form symbiotic relationships w plants and help absorb water
penecillin: antibiotic production
food: beer, cheese

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83
Q

mycology

A

study of fungi
chemoheterotrophs - decompose organic matter
aerobe or facultative anaerobe

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84
Q

aerobes

A

use sugar to produce carbon dioxide and water

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85
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

ferment to produce ethanol and CO2

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86
Q

fungi vegetative structures

A

-fungal thalamus (body) has hyphae filaments
-septate hyphae: contain cross walls (divided but cytoplasm connected)
-coenocytic hyphase: no septa (continuous)

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87
Q

hyphae

A

mass of hyphae is mycelium
hyphae grow by elongating at tips

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88
Q

vegetative vs aerial hyphae

A

vegetative: obtain nutrients
aerial: reproduction

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89
Q

pseudohyphae

A

doesnt divide but invades deeper tissues

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90
Q

yeasts (fungi vegetative)

A

unicellular
budding: 24 daughter cells; divides unevenly - sacchomyces
fission: divide evenly - schizosacchromyces

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91
Q

dimorphic fungi

A

yeast at 37C
mold at 25C

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92
Q

how do fungi reproduce

A

sexually and asexually via spore formation that detach from parent and germinate into new mold

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93
Q

life cycle of asexual spores

A

mitosis and cell division
formed by hyphae of one organism
-conidospore: not enclosed in sac
-anthroconidia: fragments septate hyphae
-blastoconidia: buds of parent cell
-chlamydoconidum: spore within hyphal segment
-sporagniospore: enclosed in sac

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94
Q

life cycle of sexual spores

A

fusion of nuclei from 2 opposite mating strains
diploid zygote
meoisis: diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)

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95
Q

fungi environmental and nutritional adaptations

A

grow best at pH 5
oxic/ anoxic:
-molds: aerobic
-yeasts: facultative anaerobe
grow in high sugar and salt, resistane to osmotic pressure
grow in low moisture
require less nitrogen than bacteria
metabolize complex carbs - lignin

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96
Q

medically important fungi

A

mucoromycota
microsporidia
asomycota
basidomycota

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97
Q

mucoromycota

A

conjugation
coenocytic hyphae
produced asexually: sporangiospore
sexually: zygospere - form when nuclei of two similar cells fuse
ex. Rhizopus stolonifer - common black bread mold

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98
Q

life cycle of Rhizopus (zygomycete)

A

-usually asexually
asexual reproduction
aerial hypha -> sporagium->spore -> hyphae

sexual:
plasmogamy: penetrates cytoplasm
zygospore forms -> meiosis -> sporagium -> spore -> hyphae

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99
Q

microsporidia

A

no sexual reproduction
no mitochondria
obligate intracellular parasites
diseases –
chronic diarhea
keratoconjunctivitis

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100
Q

ascomycota

A

sac fungi, septate hyphae
asexual rep by budding
some are anamorphic: lose ability to sexually reproduce

-asexual production: condiospore
-sexual production: ascospore
nuclei fuse in saclike ascus

sacchromyces, candida, aspergillus

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101
Q

basidomycota

A

mushroom
club fungi
septate hyphae
asexually produced: condiospore
sexually produced: basidospore
-formed on base pedestal called basidium

genera: amanita, agarius
amanita: highly poisonous
human fungal pathogen: crypotococcus

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102
Q

mycosis

A

fungal infection
chronic, slow growing

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103
Q

5 types of mycoses

A

systemic: deep within body
-soil -> inhaled -> lungs -> different tissues of organs
subcutaneous: beneath skin
superficial: localized (hair shaft)
oppurtunistic: fungi harmless in normal habitat but pathogenic in compromised host

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104
Q

cutaneous mycroses

A

affects hair, skin, nails
aka “dermatomycoses”

trichophyton: infect hair, skin, nails
microsporum: only hair or skin
epidermophyton: skin and nails only

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105
Q

subcutaneous mycroses

A

penetrate statum corneum
caused by soil fungi
wound -> spore

sporotrichosis enters wound, forms ulcer

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106
Q

histoplasmosis

A

dimorphic fungus
grows intracellularly in macrophages
negative tuberchlosis skin test
acquired from airbone condia in areas with bird or bat droppings - lower body temp - shed in feces

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107
Q

cocidiomycosis

A

valley fever
caused by coccidiodes immitis - dimorphic fungus
form a sphreule filled with endospores in tissues
fever, coughing, weight loss
resemble tuberchlosis

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108
Q

blastomyosis

A

caused by blastomyces dermatidis
-dimorphic fungus
-grows in soil
symptoms resemble bacterial pneumonia - cutaneous abcess, extemsive tissue damage

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109
Q

pneuomocystis pneumonia (PCP)

A

yeast like fungus
asymptomatic in immunocompetent causes pneumonia in immunocompromised
*indicates AIDS
-found in alveoli lining
-forms cysts
-cysts rupture, releasing 8 trophozoites

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110
Q

candidiasis

A

C. albicans
-forms pseudohyphae making it -resistant to phagocytosis (invade deeper tissues)
-mucous membranes and genitoruinary tract
trush = infection of oral cavity
results when antibiotics supress competing bacteria or changes in mucosal pH

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111
Q

glycogen increases

A

increases pathogens

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112
Q

Cryptococcosis

A

soil fungi
pigeon and chicken dropings
transmitted through respiratory route
immunocompromised: meningitis

*phagocytosis

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113
Q

aspergillas fumigatas

A

causes aspergillosis
airbone conidia - decaying vegetation

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114
Q

rhizopur and mucor

A

mold spores
predisposing factors - cancer, diabetes, immunocompromised state

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115
Q

mycotoxins

A

toxins produced by fungi
-blood diseases
-nervous system disorders
-kidney damage
-liver damage
-cancer

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116
Q

ergot poisoning

A

myxotoxins produced by Claviceps purpurea
-occurs in rye grains
-restricts blood flow (gangrene) and causes hallucinations

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117
Q

aflatoxin poisoning

A

mycotoxins produced by aspergillus flavus
-causes liver cirrhosis and liver cancer

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118
Q

aspergillus niger (fungi)

A

produces citric acid

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119
Q

aspergillus terreaus

A

statins inhibit cholestrol synthesis

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120
Q

saccharomyces cerevisae

A

bread, wine, hepatitis B vaccine

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121
Q

trichoderma

A

cellulase
degrades outer covering of fruit

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122
Q

taxomyces

A

taxol: anti-cancer drug

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123
Q

coniothyrium minitans

A

kills fungi on crops
biological pesticide

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124
Q

lichens

A

controlled parasitism
mutualism of green algae and fungus

3 categories:
crustose - encrusted on substratum
foliose- leaflike
fructicose - fingerlike

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125
Q

thalus (body) of lichens is made of

A

medulla - hyphae grown around algal cells
rhizines- hyphae below body
cortex- protective coating over algal layer

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126
Q

lichens first colonize on

A

rock or soil
-indicates air pollution
-superoxide
-differentiated based on morphology

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127
Q

alga produce and secrete

A

carbohydrates
fungus provides holdfast

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128
Q

importance of lichens

A

dyes - litmus, eryhtrolcetin - pH
antimicrobial - usnic acid
litmus
food for herbivores

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129
Q

algae

A

aquatic: nutrient reproduction
or phototrophic
unicellular or filamentous photoautotrophs
lack roots stems and leaves
mostly aquatic

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130
Q

characteristics of algae

A

location depend on nutrient availability, light wavelengths and surfaces to attach

pnemocyst: floating gas filled bladder
-have sexual and asexual reproduction

mostly photosynthetic, chrolorophyll
oomycotes: chemoheterotrophic
-fungus like algae, plant parasites, potatoes, soybeans

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131
Q

brown algae (kelp)

A

cellulose and alganic acid cellwalls
produce algin - thickener used in foods

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132
Q

red algae

A

multicellular
live in greater depths
harvested for agar and carrageenan

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133
Q

green algae

A

cellulose cell walls
unicellular or multicellular
store starch
chlorophyll a and b

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134
Q

diatoms

A

pectin and silica cell walls
unicellular or filamentous
produce domoic acid (cause neurological disease)
store energy

135
Q

dinoflagellates

A

cellulose in plasma membrane
unicellular
plankton
neurotoxin (saxitoxin) cause paralytic shellfish poisoning
Pfiesteria piscicida: massive fish kills

136
Q

roles of algae in nature

A

fix co2 into organic molecules
produce O2
algal blooms: increases in planktonic algae that result in toxin release or die and consume oxygen
oil production
symbioants of animals

137
Q

protozoa

A

unicellular eukaryotes
plasmodium: cause malaria
trophozoite: feeding and growing form

138
Q

life cycle of protozoa

A

asexual rep. = fission, budding, Schizogony (multiple fission)
sexual rep. = conjugation
some produce cyst (apicomplexan) to survive adverse conditions

139
Q

characteristics of protozoa

A

require lots of water
outer protective pellicle
cillates wave cilia toward mouthlike cytosome
amebae phagocytyze food via lobes
food is digested: vaccule
wasted eliminated: anal pore

140
Q

medically important protozoa

A

feeding groves (excavata)
-move by flagella
-Displomoands and Parabasalids lack mitochondria
-Euglenozoa (trypanosoma) blood parasites

Amoebozoa: move by pseudopods
Apicomplexa: nonmotile, obligate
Cilates: cilia

T.brucei: african sleeping sickness
T. cruzi: kissing bug - Chagas disease

141
Q

conjugation

A

ciliate undergoes it
ex. paramecium
micronucleus (2n): reproduction
macronucleus: replication

142
Q

diplomonad

A

no mitochondria, multiple flagella

143
Q

parabasalid

A

no cyst stage

144
Q

euglenozoa

A

photoautotroph or facultative chemotroph
-Hemoflagellates: transmitted by bites of blood feeding insects

145
Q

Giardiasis

A

Giadia duodenalis
-flagellated protozoa
-forms cysts in feces
-trophozites in body
attaches to intestinal wall - malabsorption
-*diarrhea
-hydrogen sulfide in stools
resist chlorination: filtering/boiling

146
Q

trichomoniasis

A

caused by Trichomonas vaginalis
grows when normal acidity of vagina is disturbed

147
Q

Chagas disease

A

caused by Typanosoma cruzi
-flagellated protozoa
-reservoir in rodens, opposum, armadillos
vector: reduviid bug (kidding bug)
-defecates trypanosomes into bite wound
-fever, swollen gland
heart damage, megaesophagus, megacolon

bug - trypansoma - grows in gut - bite - wound - defecates

148
Q

amebae

A

move by extending pseudopods

149
Q

type of amebae

A

entamoeba histolyca: free living in water; causes amebic dysetnery
acanthamoeba: infect cornea, cause blindness, encepthelitis
balamuthia: free living, immunocompromised, amebic encephalitis

150
Q

amebiasis cycle

A
  1. cysts and trophozites passed in feces
    forms: cyst
    diarrhea: trophozoite
151
Q

apicomplexa

A

obligate
apical complex(enzyme): parasite -> host cell
complex life cycle:
-malaria
-cryptosporidium: feces, waterborne illness

152
Q

vectors are either

A

biological: sexual cycles, anthropod vector
mechanical: feet, body parts

153
Q

hosts

A

definitive: sexually mature form of parasite
intermediate host: larval or asexual stage of helminth or protozoan
reservoir host: continual source of infection
vector: anthropod that carries disease causing organism from host to host

154
Q

plasmodium (apixomplexa)

A

causes malaria
sexually reproduces in Anopheles mosquito
mosquito injects sporazoite which undergoes schizogony in liver
merozoites are produced

155
Q

sporazoite undergoes

A

schizogony in liver; producing merozoitesm

156
Q

merozoites

A

infect RBCs, form ring stage
when RBC ruptures, merozoites infect new RBCs
-toxic –> fevers, chills

157
Q

plasmodium vivax

A

prevalent, widespread
vector: mosquitos resulting in sexual (definitive) and asexual (intermediate) rep.

158
Q

ciliates

A

Balantidium coli
-human parasite
-dysentry

159
Q

slime molds

A

plasmodium
cellular: look like fungi - floating bodies –> spores for dispersal
as a protist, motile over solid surface; decayed veg., bacteria
-phagocytosis; ingest fungi and bacteria

160
Q

life cycle of cellular slime mold

A

ameoba reproduces
depletion of nutrients so cAMP signal goes off - dont duse, loose individually
ameba aggregate
stationary
cells differentiate
forms cellulose
spore is released

161
Q

plasmodial slime molds

A

mass of protoplasm with multiple nuclei, moves as giant amoeba
cytoplasmic streaming: protoplasm moves and changes speed and direction to distribute oxygen and nutrients

162
Q

helminths

A

free living
parasitic worms
two phyla:
Platyhelminths (flatworms)
Nematoda (roundworms)

163
Q

characteristics of helminths

A

multicellular
live in host
lack digestive system - absorb nutrients from host
reduced nervous system
reduced/ lacking locomotion: transferred from host to host with no specific habitat
complex reproductive system

164
Q

life cycle of helminths

A

dioecious: seperate male and female
monoecious (hermaphroditic): male and female reproductive systems in one

egg -> larvae -> adult
larvae: intermediate host
adult: definitive host

165
Q

platyhelminth

A

trematodes (flukes)
-flat, leaf shaped
-ventral and oral sucker
-absorb food through cuticle

Paragonimus spp = lung fluke; get it by eating raw crawfish
Schistosoma = blood fluke

166
Q

cestodes (tapeworm)

A

type of platyhelminth
-scolex: head that has sucker for attachment
-absorb food via cuticle
proglottids: body segments; contain both male and female reproductive organs

167
Q

cestodes

A

humans: definitive host
eggs from proglottids are ingested
hatch into larvae
bore into intestinal wall

-produce cysticerci
Taenia solium: pork tapeworm

168
Q

larvae of cestodes migrate to

A

lungs or liver
-develop hydratid cyst

Echinococcus granulosus:
dogs: definitive host

169
Q

nematodes

A

roundworms
cylindrical
complete digestive system
dioecious: males contain spircules
free living and parasitic

170
Q

nematodes

A

eggs infective for humans

171
Q

ascaris lumbricode (nematode)

A

infects human intestine

172
Q

baylisascaris procyonis

A

racoon roundworm
racoon: definitive host

173
Q

trichuris thriciura

A

whipworm
spreads person to person by fecal-oral transmission, poor sanitation

174
Q

enterobius vermicularis

A

pinworm
self-innoculation
contaminated clothing or bedding

175
Q

strongyloides

A

re-emerging infection
abdominal pain
lungs cough

176
Q

necator americanus and ancylosoma duodenale

A

hookworms
enter skin
carried to intestines

177
Q

dirofilaria immitis

A

spread by mosquitoes
causes heartworm
adult stage is in the animals host
causes CHF

178
Q

anthropods

A

animals with segmented bodies, hard extenral skelatons, jointed legs
vectors- carry pathogenic microorganisms

179
Q

classes of anthropods

A

arachnida - 8 legged
crustacea - 4 antennae
insecta - 6 legged

180
Q

anthropods as vectors

A

-mechanical transmission
-biological transmission: pathogen multiplies in vector
-definitive host: microbe’s sexual reproduction occur in vector

181
Q

scabies

A

caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites
-burrow in skin to lay legs

human itch - skin - burrow - lay egg - hatch larvae - hair follicle - feeding - itching - scabs

182
Q

lyme disease

A

Borreliela burgdorferi
-dont burrow as much as mice
-field mice are the most common reservoir
nymphal stage of lxodes tick feed on mice and infects humans

tick feed on mice carrying spirochete - digestive tract - salivary gland - host

183
Q

spirochetes

A

ticks carry it and feed on deer

184
Q

bedbugs

A

cimex lectularius
detect host from CO2
suck hosts blood and lay eggs

185
Q

viruses are

A

obligatory intracellular parasites
acellular
need a host
contain DNA or RNA
protien coat
multiply within living host cell
no ribosome or ATP

186
Q

host range of viruses

A

spectrum of host cells a virus can infect
tissue tropism
determubed by specific host attachment sites and cellular factors

187
Q

bacteriophage

A

viruses that infect bacteria

188
Q

virus structure

A

virion: complete, fully developed viral particle
nucleic acid DNA or RNA can be single or double-stranded; linear or circular
capsid - protien coat made of capsomeres (subunits)
envelope - lipid, protien and carb coating
spikes - projections from outer surface

189
Q

nucleic acid

A

nucleic acid is linear or circular or segmented (influenza virus)

190
Q

envelope

A

partially formed from plasma membrane of host cell when virus buds from cell

191
Q

spikes

A

found on some enveloped viruses
-made of carbs and protien
-may be used for attachment

192
Q

helical virus

A

hollow, cylindrical capsid that is helical
ex. rabies, ebola

193
Q

polyhedral virus

A

many sided
icosahedron
ex. adenovirus, poliovirus

194
Q

enveloped virus

A

roughly spherical

195
Q

complex virus

A

complicated structures
ex. bacteriophage

196
Q

taxonomy of virus

A

baltimore classification system: based on virus’ nucleic acid and how its mRNA is produced

genus names end in -virus
family names end in -viridae
order names end in -ales

197
Q

bacteriophages form

A

plaques
-clearing on a lawn of bacteria on the surface of agar

198
Q

plaque forming unit (PFU)

A

each plaque corresponds to a single virus

199
Q

growing animal viruses in living animals

A

mice, rabbits, guineas
some human viruses cant be grown in animals

200
Q

growing animal viruses in embroyonated eggs

A

virus injected into egg
viral growth signaled by changes or death of embryo
used to grow viruses for vaccines

201
Q

growing animal viruses in cell culture

A

-tissues are treated with enzymes to separate cells
-viruses infecting monolayer are detected via changes in monolayer cells aka cytopathic effect (CPE)

202
Q

cell cultures

A

use diploid cell lines
-derived from human embroyos
-used for rabies virus for vaccine

203
Q

continuous cell lines

A

from transformed (cancerous) cells
ex. HeLa cell line: isolated form of cancer of a woman

204
Q

ELISA

A

virus is detected and identified by its reaction with antibodies

205
Q

viral multiplication

A

invade host cell and take over its metabolic machinery
single virion can give to several of similar viruses in a single host cell

eclipse period: latent period
virions then released from host cell - burst

206
Q

bacteriophages can multiply via

A

lytic cycle: phage causes lysis and death of host ex. Tequatrovirus (T even) that infect e. coli

lysogenic cycle: phage DNA incorporated in the host DNA
-phage conversion
-specialized transduction

207
Q

T even bacteriophages lytic cycle

A

attachment: phage attaches to host cell
penetration: phage lysozome opens cell wall
biosynthesis: produces phage DNA and protiens; host cell protien synthesis is halted
maturation: viral components are assembled into virions
release: host cell lyses, new virions are released, lysozomes

208
Q

bacteriophage Lambdavirus

A

lambda virus can initiate lytic or lysogenic cycle

lysogeny: phage remains latent
-no lysis of host
phage DNA incorporates into host cell DNA
-inserted DNA is known as prophage

209
Q

malaria

A

mosquito borne disease caused by a parasite
-caused by several protozoan parasites in genus Plasmodium

P vivax is the most widespread
P falciparum is most serious

210
Q

plasmodium

A

infect RBCs and transmit via Anopheles mosquitos

211
Q

malaria diagnosis

A

plasmodium infected erythrocytes in blood smears

antigen detection

PCR: parasite nucleic acids detected

serology: detects antibodies against malaria parasites

212
Q

prevention of malaria

A

prevent mosquito bites
use bug spray
deep windows or doors closed
empty standing water to prevent them from laying eggs

213
Q

coronavirus

A

genus: beta coronavirus
-enveloped, spherical or pleomorphic single stranded plus RNA viruses
-contain club shaped glycoprotien spikes on surface
-crown
-bind to ACE2 cell receptors (angiotensin converting enzyme 2)

214
Q

diagnosis of COVID

A

viral tests
- PCR
-Antigen tests (rapid test)

215
Q

prevention of COVID

A

isolation
improve ventilation
wear mask or respirator around others
OTC to mild symptoms of fevers

216
Q

three outcomes of lysogeny

A
  1. lysogenic host cells are immune to reinfection by the same phage
  2. phage conversion - host cell exhibits new properties, encoded by prophage DNA ex. production of diphtheria toxin
  3. specialized transduction - specific genes transferred to another bacterium via phage
217
Q

multiplication of animal viruses

A

attachment
entry via receptor mediated endocytosis or fusion
uncoating (seperating viral NA from capsid) by viral or host enzymes
biosynthesis: production of NA and protiens
maturation: nucleic acid and capsid protiens assemble
release by budding (enveloped) or rupture (nonenveloped)

218
Q

biosynthesis of dna viruses

A

-DNA replicate in nucleus of host
synthesize capsid proteins in cytoplasm using host cell enzymes
capsid proteins migrate to nucleus where assembly occurs`

219
Q

poxviridae

A

double stranded DNA
enveloped
cause skin lesions: small pox virus and M pox virus
assembly occurs in cytoplasm

220
Q

herpesviridae

A

double stranded dna, enveloped

221
Q

HHV1 and HHV2

A

simplexvirus; cold sores
-genital herpes

222
Q

HHV3

A

varicellovirus
-chicken pox

223
Q

HHV4

A

lymphocryptovirus
-causes mono

224
Q

HHV5

A

cytomeglavoris

225
Q

HHV6 and HHV7

A

roselovirus

226
Q

HHV8

A

Rhadinovirus
HIV and AIDs

227
Q

hepadnaviridae

A

double stranded, enveloped
hepatitis B virus
uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA

228
Q

biosynthesis of RNA virus

A

virus multiply in host cell’s cytoplasm using RNA dependent RNA polymerase

229
Q

ssRNA (+) sense strand

A

viral RNA serves as mRNA for protien synthesis

230
Q

ssRNA (-) sense strand

A

viral RNA is transcribed to a + stramd to serve as mRNA for protien synthesis

231
Q

coronaviridae

A

single-stranded RNA, + strand, enveloped
-assembly involves ER and Golgi of host cell

232
Q

RNA virus with mRNA

A

viral DNA is produced
DNA dependent RNA polymerase - catalyzes 2nd strand of RNA complimentary + strand infects the cell

233
Q

positive sense

A

viral mRNA -> synthesis -> stop host translation using RNA dependent RNA polymerase

234
Q

Rhabdoviridae

A

single stranded RNA
- strand
Lyssavirus: rabies

235
Q

Reoviridae

A

double stranded RNA, nonenveloped

reovirus: respiratory enteric orphan
rotavirus: mild respiratory infections and gastrocenteritis

236
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

single stranded RNA -> DNA
viral DNA integrates into host chromosome as provirus

237
Q

Retroviridae

A

lentivirus: HIV
oncovirus

238
Q

Baltimore Scheme DNA viruses

A

relationship of genome to mRNA
Class I: double stranded DNA
Class II: single stranded positive or plus strand DNA
needs replicative form: dsDNA intermediate

239
Q

Baltimore Scheme RNA viruses

A

cellular RNA polymerase need DNA template
-RNA viruses must carry in virion or encode in genome RNA replicase (RNA dependent RNA poly.)

240
Q

Class IV (RNA)

A

ss+ RNA viruses, genome is mRNA

241
Q

Class V (RNA)

A

ss-, RNA virus
must carry in virion or encode in genome RNA replicase (RNA dependent RNA poly.)

242
Q

Class III (RNA)

A

dsRNA similar replication as class V

243
Q

Class VI (RNA)

A

retroviruses
ss+
replicate via DNA intermediate
reverse transcription copies RNA into DNA catalyzed by reverse transcriptase
ex. HIV

244
Q

Class VII

A

dsDNA that replicates through RNA intermediate
ex. hepatitis B
-uses reverse transcriptase

245
Q

RNA viruses release via

A

budding
rupture (nonbudding) kills host
envelopes –> coronavirus translate in ER and fuses w Golgi

246
Q

sarcoma

A

cancer of connective tissue

247
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

cancer of glandular epithelial tissue

248
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

genes that encode proteins involved in stimulating normal cell growth

mutated proto-oncogenes become oncogenes

249
Q

oncogenes

A

transform normal cells into cancerous cells

250
Q

transformation

A

cells acquire distinct properties leading to cancer

251
Q

oncogenic virus

A

become integrated into host cell’s DNA and induce tumors

252
Q

transformed cell harbors a

A

tumor specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) on surface and are irregularly shaped

253
Q

DNA oncogenic viruses

A

adenoviridae
herpesviridae: Epstein Barr virus (Burkitts Lymphona)
poxviridae
papovaviridae: HPV
hepadnaviridae: hepatitis B virus

254
Q

retroviridae

A

viral RNA transcribed to DNA using reverse transcriptase which can integrate into host DNA

HTLV1 and HTLV2 cause adult T cell leukemia and lymphoma

FeLV: feline leukemia virus

255
Q

latent virus

A

remains in asymptomatic host cells for long periods
-all herpesvirus are capable for latency
-reactivates due to changes in immunity
-HHV1: cold sores
Varicellovirus: shingles, chicken pox`

256
Q

persistent viral infection

A

occurs gradually over a long period

257
Q

dormancy

A

viruses dont cause symptoms of disease and are difficult to detect

258
Q

chickenpox

A

virus moves to dorsal root ganglion where it remains latent

259
Q

shingles

A

in adulthood, immune system depression can retrigger Herpes varicella- zoster

260
Q

plant virus

A

replicate in insects via wound -> changes -> color stunted growth

enter through wounds or via insects

261
Q

viroids

A

short pieces of naked RNA
no protien coat
cause potato spindle tuber disease

262
Q

virusoids

A

viroids enclosed in a protein coat
Hepatitis D
coinfection of Hep. B

263
Q

prions

A

doesnt kill by cooking
inherited and transmitted by ingestion
hereditary -> PcP gene - human to human
Kuru: infected tissues fed to family member

264
Q

Spongiform encephalopathies

A

mad cow diease - meat
Credutzfeldt Jakob disease: neurodegenerative
Gerstmann Straussler Scheinker: neurodegenerative
Fatal familial insomnia: PRP gene
Shreep scrapie

265
Q

PrPc

A

normal cellular prion protien on cell surface

266
Q

PrPSc

A

scrapie protien
accumulates in brain cells forming plaques

267
Q

prion disease is caused by

A

normal host glycoprotien PrPc into misfolded PrPsc

268
Q

DNA

A

genetic blueprint

269
Q

RNA

A

transcription product

270
Q

messenger RNA is translated into

A

protien (amino acid sequence)

271
Q

Nucleotides

A

DNA and RNA are polynucleotides
3 components: pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogenous base, phosphatep

272
Q

purines

A

A,G
in both RNA and DNA

273
Q

pyrimidine

A

C, U, T
C: both
U: only RNA
T: only DNA

274
Q

nucleoside

A

has pentose sugar and nitrogenase base, no phosphate

275
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

flow of genetic info from one generation to the next

276
Q

leading strand

A

5’ to 3’

277
Q

lagging strand

A

3’ to 5’

278
Q

start codon

A

translation begins with AUG, encodes N-formylmethionine in bacteria and methionine in archae and eukarya

279
Q

shine delgardo sequence

A

ribosome binding site (RBS)
ensures proper reading frame in bacteria

280
Q

stop (nonsense) codon

A

terminate translation
UAA, UAG, UGA

281
Q

open reading frame

A

AUG followed by number of codons and a stop codon

282
Q

translation

A

in bacteria, can begin before transcription is complete

283
Q

transcription in eukaryotes

A

transcription occurs in nucleus
translation occurs in cytoplasm

exons: DNA region that codes for protien
introns: DNA region that does NOT code for protien

284
Q

small nuclear ribonucleoprotiens (snRNPs)

A

remove introns and splice exons together

285
Q

wild type strain

A

isolated from nature

286
Q

mutant

A

cell or virus from wild type that carried a nucleotide sequence (genotype) change

287
Q

genotype

A

designated by three lower case letters
-His C involved in histidine biosynthesis
mutations designated his C1

288
Q

phenotype designated by

A

capital letter and two lowercase letters then +/-
ex. His+ makes histidine

289
Q

gene expression is regulated by

A

temperature

290
Q

mutation

A

permanent change in base sequence of DNA
-neutral, beneficial or harmful
mutagens: agents that cause mutations
spontaneous mutations: occur in absence of mutagen

291
Q

missense mutation

A

base substitution results in change in AA

292
Q

nonsense mutation

A

base sub results in nonsense (stop) codon

293
Q

frameshift mutation

A

insertion or deletion of 1 or more nucleotide pairs
-shifts translational “reading frame”
causes changes in AA downstream from site of the original mutation

294
Q

chemical mutagens

A

nitrous acid: causes A to bind with C instead of a T

nucleoside analog: similar to normal nitrogenous bases but incorporate into DNA in place of a normal base and cause mistakes in base pairing

frameshift mutagen: chemicals that cause small deletions or insertions resulting in frameshifts

295
Q

radiation

A

ionizing radiation (xrays and gamma rays) causes formation of ions that oxidize nucleotides and break deoxyribose phosphate backbone

296
Q

UV radiation causes

A

thymine dimers which prevent proper replication and transcription of DNA

297
Q

bacteria can repair UV induced damage

A

photolyase (light repair enzyme): use light to seperate thymine dimers
nucleotide excision repair: enzymes cut out incorrect bases and fill in correct bases

298
Q

Mutagenesis

A

SOS repair
-coordinated cellular responses can introduce mutations to save the cell

299
Q

mutations are heritable

A

if damage can be corrected before cell division, no mutation occurs

300
Q

what activates SOS repair in bacteria?

A

major DNA damage
initiates many DNA repair processes
allows DNA repair to occur without template resulting in errors and mutations

301
Q

constitutive genes

A

-expressed at fixed rate
-always turned on
-other genes are expressed only as needed

302
Q

repression

A

inhibits gene expression, decreases enzyme synthesis
-default: ON but needs substrate to turn it off

303
Q

Induction

A

turns on gene expression
-default: OFF but needs to turn it on

304
Q

negative control of transcription

A

prevents transcription

305
Q

promoter

A

segment of DNA where RNA poly initiates transcription of structural genes

306
Q

operator

A

segment of DNA that controls transcription of structural genes

307
Q

operon

A

set of operator and promoter sites and the structural genes they control

308
Q

inducible operson

A

must be turned on
structural genes are not transcribed unless an inducer is present

309
Q

lac operon of E. coli

A

3 enzymes encoded by lac operon needed to metabolize lactose
-structural genes for Z,Y,A enzymes are adjecent and transcripton is regulated together

310
Q

control region includes

A

promoter: where transcription begins
operator: stop or go signal

311
Q

lactose present

A

lac repressor is released from operator, transcription occurs

312
Q

lactose absent

A

lac repressor binds to operator, transcription is blocked

313
Q

positive regulation

A

regulator protein facilitates transcription
catabolite repression inhibits cells from using carbon sources other than glucose to help digest lactose
cAMP builds up when theres no glucose

314
Q

cAMP

A

alarmone - chemical that promotes cell’s response to environmental stress
binds to catabolic activator protien (CAP) that binds the lac promoter initiating transcription and allows cell to use lactose

315
Q

riboswich

A

mRNA molecule that binds to a substrate and changes in the mRNA structure
-translation is initiated or stopped

316
Q

microRNAs (miRNA)

A

base pair with mRNA to make it double-stranded
double stranded RNA is enzymatically destroyed, preventing production of a protien

317
Q

genetic recombination

A

exhange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes
*genetic diversity

318
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

cell -> offspring

319
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

cell - cell (same generation)
part of donor DNA is incorporated into recipient DNA (recombinant)

320
Q

plasmids and transposons

A

genetic elements outside chromosomes
mobile genetic elements: move from one chromosome to another or from one cell to another

321
Q

plasmids

A

self-replicating circular pieces of DNA
toxin production

322
Q

conjugative plasmid

A

carries genes for sex pilli and transer of the plasmid

323
Q

dissimilation plasmid

A

encode enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds

324
Q

resistant factors (R factor)

A

encode antibiotic resistance, sometimes to multiple different antibiotics
-some can be transferred horizontally

325
Q

transposon

A

segments of DNA that can move from one DNA region to another
contain insertion sequences that code for transposase that cuts and reseals DNA
may inactivate genes if they insert within genes

326
Q

complex transposon

A

carry other genes ex. in antibiotic resistance, enterotoxin production

327
Q

transformation

A

genes transferred from one bacterium to another as naked DNA

328
Q

conjugation

A

plasmids transferred from one bacterium to another through cell to cell contact
gram negative: attachment and transfer via sex pili
gram positive: sticky substance holds cells together

329
Q

cells must be

A

opposite mating types
-donor: conjugative plasmid
-recipient: lacks conjugative plasmid

330
Q

conjugation in e coli requires

A

F factor (fertility factor)

331
Q

when an F factor is transferred from donor (F+) to recipient (F-)

A

F- cell converts to F+ cell

332
Q

when an F factor is integrated into F+ cell

A

high frequency of recombination (Hfr) cell

333
Q

when a Hfr donor passes its chromosome into a F- recipient

A

a recombinant F- cell results

334
Q

donor cells carry

A

plasmid F factor = F+ cells

335
Q

when conjugating, the recipient F- becomes

A

F+
when it recieves plasmid

336
Q

High frequency recombinant cells

A

contain F factor integrated into chromosome
-Hfr cells transfer chromosinal genes as well as part of F factor
-recipient does not become F+ since it doesnt receive entire F factor

337
Q

conjugation can be used to

A

map the location of genes on a chromosome

338
Q

generalized trasduction

A

random bacterial DNA packaged in a phage and transferred to a recipient cell

339
Q

specialized transduction

A

specific bacterial genes packaged inside a phage and transferred to a recipient cells

340
Q

sensing and signal transduction

A

two-component regulatory systems
prokarya regulate cellular metabolism in response to environmental fluctuations
-external signal: transmitted directly to target
-external signals may be detected by sensor and transmitted to regulatory machinary (signal transduction)

341
Q

sensor kinase

A

in cytoplasmic membrane
-detects environmental signal and autophosphorylates at specific histidine residue (histidine kinase)

342
Q

response regulator

A

in cytoplasm
DNA binding protien that regulates transcription, recieves phosphate from sensor kinase

343
Q

two point regulatory systems have

A

feedback loop
-terminates response
-uses phosphotase that removes phosphate from response regulator

Microbiology (7 decks)

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