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Microbiology Exam II > Exam II Microbiology: Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Exam II Microbiology: Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is in a state of dynamic equilibrium with microorganisms

A

The human body

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2
Q

Listed below are:

  • Old age and extreme youth (infancy, prematurity)
  • Genetic defects in immunity and acquired defects in immunity (AIDS)
  • Surgery and organ transplants
  • Underlying disease: cancer, liver malfunction, diabetes
  • Chemotherapy/immunosuppressive drugs
  • Physical and mental stress
  • Pregnancy
  • Other infections
A

Factors that weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility

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3
Q

A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in infection and disease is called?

A

Pathogen

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4
Q

Disruption of a tissue or organ caused by microbes and their products is called?

A

Infectious disease

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5
Q 
Portal of Entry – “Getting in”
Adherence or Attachment – “Staying in”
Defeating host defenses
Damaging the host
Exiting the host and transmission to the next host
A

Steps to causing infections

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6
Q

Any deviation from health is called?

A

Disease

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7
Q

The route that a microbe takes to enter the tissues of the body to initiate an infection

A

Portal of entry

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8
Q

Microbe originating from a source outside the body from the environment or another person or animal

A

Exogenous

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9
Q

Microbe already existing on or in the body – normal biota or a previously silent infection

A

Endogenous

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10
Q

What is capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses?

A

Primary pathogens

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11
Q

True / False

If certain pathogens enter the “wrong” portal, they will not be infectious

A

True

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12
Q

What can cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when they become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them or when normal flora is destroyed?

A

Opportunistic pathogens

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13
Q

The degree of pathogenicity

-Is reflected by the relative severity of a disease caused by a particular microbe

A

Virulence

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14
Q

Virulence of a microbe is determined by its ability to:

A
  1. Establish itself in a host

2. Cause damage

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15
Q

Any characteristic or structure of the microbe contributes to its ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage is referred to as:

A

Virulence factor

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16
Q

The minimum number of microbes necessary to cause an infection to proceed is called?

A

Infectious Dose

ID or ID50

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17
Q

The number of microbes required to cause infection in 50% of test subjects is “technically” called:

A

Infectious Dose

ID or ID50

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18
Q

ID for rickettsia is a single cell

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

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19
Q

ID for tuberculosis and ________ about 10 cells.

A

giardiasisis

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20
Q

True / False

ID for E. coli is 100 cells

A

True

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21
Q

Microbes can use _________ to adhere (STAY IN) to the host

A

Fimbriae

Pili (since they help form biofilms)

Surface proteins

Adhesive slime layers or capsules

Viruses attach by specialized receptors

Parasitic worms fastened by suckers, hooks, and barbs

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22
Q
  1. Respiratory mucous membranes (most common since we have to breath continuously)
  2. Gastrointestinal mucous membranes (second most common since we have to eat or drink regularly)
  3. Genitourinary mucous membranes
  4. Parenteral portal of entry (broken skin)
  5. Intact skin (least common – very few microbes use this portal of entry)
A

The five portals of entry

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23
Q

Host cells that engulf and destroy pathogens by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals are called?

A

Phagocytes

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24
Q

____________ makes it difficult to for phagocytes to engulf microbes

A

Extracellular capsule

Step Three: Surviving Host Defenses

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25
____________ has a waxy wall (mycolic acid) can cannot be digested by the lysosome and can live inside a phagocyte
Mycobacterium Step Three: Surviving Host Defenses
26
What kills phagocytes outright?
Leukocidins Step Three: Surviving Host Defenses
27
Three ways that microorganisms cause damage to their host:
1. Direct damage (example – viruses lysing host cells) 2. Through the action of enzymes 3. Through the action of toxins
28
Accumulated damage due to pathogens leading to cell and tissue death
Necrosis
29
Microbes eventually settle in a particular target organ and cause direct damage at the site is called?
Direct Damage
30
What are simply adaptations a microbe uses to establish itself in a host?
Virulence factors
31
What are enzymes secreted by microbes that break down and inflict damage on tissues?
Exoenzymes
32
What dissolves the host’s defense barriers to promote the spread of disease to other tissues?
Exoenzymes
33
What exoenzyme digests the protective coating on mucous membranes?
Mucinase
34
What exoenzyme digests the ground substance that cements animal cells together?
Hyaluronidase
35
What exoenzyme causes clotting of blood or plasma?
Coagulase
36
What exoenzyme dissolves fibrin clots?
Kinase
37
What exoenzyme disrupts the cytoplasmic membrane of red blood cells?
Hemolysins
38
What are the three types of hemolysis that can result from the production (or no production) of hemolysins?
1. Gamma hemolysis 2. Alpha hemolysis 3. Beta hemolysis
39
Which type of hemolysis causes incomplete lysis of red blood cells? .
Alpha hemolysis
40
Which type of hemolysis causes no lysing of red blood cells?
Gamma hemolysis
41
Which type of hemolysis causes complete lysis of red blood cells?
Beta hemolysis
42
The media is clear
Beta hemolysis
43
The media has a greenish color
Alpha hemolysis
44
The media appears the normal red color
Gamma hemolysis
45
What is a specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms?
Toxin
46
What are the two forms of toxins?
Endotoxins Exotoxins
47
Which type of toxins are produced and secreted by bacterial cells?
Exotoxins
48
Which type of toxins are part of the Gram negative cell wall and will only be released when the cell dies?
Endotoxins
49
Which type of toxin is very specific in it's activity and is named according to it's target?
Exotoxins
50
Which type of exotoxin acts on the nervous system?
Neurotoxins
51
Which type of exotoxin acts on the intestines?
Enterotoxins
52
Most toxic thing known to man?
Botulism
53
Which type of exotoxin damages the kidneys?
Nephrotoxins
54
Which type of exotoxin damages the heart?
Cardiotoxins
55
Which type of exotoxin kill cells?
Cytotoxins
56
What can exotoxins can produce?
Antibodies
57
Most exotoxins are ____ _____?
Gram positive
58
Most endotoxins are _____ _____?
Gram negative
59
Botulism and Tetanus are examples of diseases caused by bacterial exotoxins called:
Neurotoxins
60
Cholera and Staphylococcal enteritis are examples of diseases caused by bacterial exotoxins called:
Enterotoxins
61
Diptheria and Anthrax examples of disease caused by bacterial exotoxins called:
Cytotoxins
62
What is the starting point for a systemic infection called? All systemic infections have a starting point called:
Focal infection
63
Which type of toxin is Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), part of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls (Lipid A)?
Endotoxin
64
Which type of toxin is only released when the cell dies and breaks down? For example, UTI Gram Negative infection: Patient gets sick before getting better due to the release of:
Endotoxin
65
Which type of toxin has: - generalized effects and a variety of systemic effects on tissues and organs? This toxin also causes: - fever, inflammation, myalgia and can cause hemorrhaging and diarrhea?
Endotoxin
66
What type of infection enters the body and remains confined to specific tissues?
Localized infection
67
Boil, warts, fungal skin infections are examples of what type of infection?
Localized
68
What type of infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids (usually through the bloodstream), but may travel by other means such as nerves (rabies), and cerebrospinal fluid (meningitis)?
Systemic infection
69
What is objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer?
Sign
70
What is subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient?
Symptom
71
A disease identified by a certain complex of signs and symptoms is known as?
Syndrome
72
Nausea Pain Soreness Muscle aches are examples of:
Symptoms
73
Fever Edema Granulomas and absesses Lymphadentitis are examples of:
Signs
74
An increase in white blood cell levels is called? What is this an example of?
Leukocytosis Signs
75
A decrease in white blood cell levels is called? What is this an example of?
Leukopenia Signs
76
What is a general state in which microorganisms are multiplying in the blood and are present in large numbers? What is this an example of?
Septicemia
77
What are bacteria or viruses that are present in the blood but not multiplying? What is this an example of?
Bacteremia or viremia
78
In ___________, ____________, or ____________, infections the patient experiences: No noticeable symptoms because the microbe is present in host tissues; therefore, the host does not seek medical attention.
asymptomatic, subclinical, or inapparent
79
What is known as a dormant state of microbes in certain chronic infectious diseases?
Latency
80
What is known as long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs caused by infectious disease?
Sequelae
81
Examples of long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs caused by infections, known as ________, are: Meningitis: deafness Strep throat: rheumatic heart disease Lyme disease: arthritis Polio: paralysis
Sequelae
82
The time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of symptoms
Incubation period
83
What period causes the agent to multiply at the portal of entry, but has not caused enough damage to elicit symptoms?
Incubation period
84
What period: Varies according to host resistance, degree of virulence, and distance between the target organ and the portal of entry.
Incubation period
85
What period: Ranges from several hours to several years. Majority of infections range from 2 and 30 days
Incubation period
86
What period lasts 1 – 2 days when the earliest notable symptoms of infection appear and also causes vague feeling of discomfort: head and muscle aches, fatigue, upset stomach, general malaise
Prodromal stage
87
What period causes the infectious agent to multiply at high levels, exhibits greatest toxicity, and becomes well established in host tissue? This period is also marked by fever and other prominent and specific signs and symptoms. Extremely variable in length of period
Period of Invasion (disease or infection)
88
Name the period where: Patient begins to respond to the infection and symptoms decline. Patient’s strength and health gradually return due to the healing nature of the immune response. Many patients stop taking antibiotics during this period, even though pathogens are still in their system leading to antibiotic resistance
Convalescent Period
89
______________ of _____________ can occur during these periods: Examples: Incubation period: measles Invasive period: Shigella All periods: hepatitis B
Transmissibility of Microbes
90
Shed through secretion, excretion, discharge, or sloughed tissue may be the same as the portal of entry, but some pathogens use a different route.
Portal of Exit
91
What two things does transmission from one host to another require?
Reservoir of infection and transmission
92
The movement of the microbe from the reservoir to a new host is called?
Transmission
93
The place where the organism grows or is stored that may not be human or living called?
Reservoir of infection
94
What disease is the reservoir and transmitter the same?
Syphilis
95
What disease is the reservoir a human, and the transmitter is food?
Hepatitis A
96
Persons with symptomatic infection are obvious sources are considered:
Actively infected humans
97
An individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen, spreads it to others without any notice, and who may not have experienced disease due to the microbe is considered:
A carrier

Microbiology Exam II (4 decks)

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