Exam II Pt II

Question 1

What are the 4 main types of drug reactions?

Answer 1

Drugs with other drugs
Drugs with dietary supplements
Drugs with food/beverages
Nutrient depletions

Question 2

The rate of adverse drug reactions increases dramatically after a patients in on how many meds?

Answer 2

4 or more mediactions

Question 3

What is a noteable metabolic feature of St. John’s wort

Answer 3

Inducer of CYP450 enzyme system, which means it can reduce the ceoncetration of medications in the blood

Question 4

What is the definition of a food-drug interaction?

Answer 4

A change in how a medicine works caused by food, caffeine, or alcohol

Question 5

In what ways can food effect medication in vivo, and what can be done to avoid these interactions?

Answer 5

May cause delayed, decreased, or enhanced absorption of a medication, can affect the bioavailability, metabolism, and exretion of some meds.

Reduce interactions by taking meds 1 hour before, or 2 hours after eating.

Question 6

What kind of food-drug interaction can alcohol induce?

Answer 6

Can increase or decrease the effect of many drugs, recommended to avoid.

Question 7

What is a noteable fruit-drug interaction?

Answer 7

Grapefruit. More than 40 interactions. (e.g. Ca+ channel blockers, statins, antihistamines, cylosporine).

Question 8

What are MAOIs?

Answer 8

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors.

Question 9

What foods do patients on MAOIs need to avoid?

Answer 9

Avoid high tyramine foods to prevent spike in BP and possible stroke (e.g. aged cheeses, draft beer, red wine, soy sauce, sauerkraut, sausage, pepperoni, slami, banana, choclate, avocado, fava bean pods).

Question 10

How can smoking affect the bodily effects caffeine?

Answer 10

Speeds up same enzymes needed to clear caffeine..

Question 11

What has St. John’s wort historically been used to treat?

Answer 11

Anxiety and depression.

Question 12

What kind of food-drug-supplement interactions has St. John’s wort been linked to and what are the safety recommendations for avoiding these?

Answer 12

Increases CYP enzyme clerance, interacts with many, many meds and supplements. Do NOT take if taking any type of meds or supplements. Avoid high tyramine foods.

Question 13

What problems can supplements or foods that interfere with CYP enzymes cause?

Answer 13

Toxicity, or other life-threatening reactions.

Question 14

If you are aware that a patient is taking any kind of meds or supplements, what should rule of thumb must you live by in recommendation of other supplements/foods?

Answer 14

DO NOT give/recommend supplements/foods that interfere with CYP enzymes to patients taking other supplements or any medications

Question 15

What is the definition of a poison?

Answer 15

A substance taken into the body that interferes with normal physiological functions and causes harm

Question 16

What is an antidote?

Answer 16

A substance that neutralizes poisons or toxic substances

Question 17

What is an emetic?

Answer 17

An agent that induces vomiting

Question 18

What is an example of an absorbent?

Answer 18

Activated charcoal

Question 19

What is gastric lavage?

Answer 19

Pumping the stomach

Question 20

What is the most common type of poisoning?

Answer 20

Ingestion. Children between 1-5 most at risk

Question 21

What is the most common type of poisoning?

Answer 21

Ingestion. Children between 1-5 most at risk

Question 22

What are the methods of poisoning?

Answer 22

Inhalation
External poisoning
Sting and snakebites

Question 23

What should you do for a sting?

Answer 23

Cleanse, remove stinger, apply ice. May require epinephrine and corticosteroids

Question 24

What should you do for snakebites?

Answer 24

Do NOT apply tourniquet or ice. If poisonous snake, requires antivenin

Question 25

What is the characteristic odor of cyanide?

Answer 25

Bitter almonds

Question 26

What is the characteristic odor of organophosphates, Arsenic?

Answer 26

Garlic

Question 27

What is the characteristic odors of DKA, Isopropyl alcohol?

Answer 27

Fruity

Question 28

T/F The majority of poisonings are intentional, and the majority of deaths secondary to poisoning are unintentional

Answer 28

False, The majority of poisonings are unintentional, and the majority of deaths secondary to poisoning are intentional

Question 29

Where do most poisonings occur?

Answer 29

Home

Question 30

What is the #1 cause of unintentional overdose?

Answer 30

Opioid narcotics

Question 31

What is the #1 drug used fro intentional overdose?

Answer 31

Acetaminophen

Question 32

What is the most commonly reported poison?

Answer 32

Analgesics (specifically acetaminophen)

Question 33

What is the least commonly reported poisoning?

Answer 33

Alcohol

Question 34

Which poisoning is associated with most deaths?

Answer 34

Analgesics (specifically opioid narcotics)

Question 35

Which is associated with the least deaths due to poisoning?

Answer 35

Hydrocarbons

Question 36

What is the #1 poisonous killer

Answer 36

CO

Question 37

What methylxanthine is most toxic?

Answer 37

Theophylline

Question 38

What is the antidote for acetaminophen poisoning?

Answer 38

N-acetylcysteine

Question 39

What is the antidote for lead?

Answer 39

EDTA

Question 40

What is the antidote for benzodiazepines?

Answer 40

Flumazenil

Question 41

What is the antidote for carbamate insecticides?

Answer 41

Atropine

Question 42

What is the antidote for Warfarin (Coumadin), heparin

Answer 42

Vitamin K (phytonadione)

Question 43

What disease is associated with brown lung?

Answer 43

Byssinosis (textile factory workers).

Question 44

What are the early symptoms of CO poisoning and what is it often mistaken with?

Answer 44

Headaches, nausea, and fatigue. Often mistaken for the flu because the deadly gas goes undetected in a home. Prolonged exposure can lead to brain damage and even death

Question 45

How does radon gas enter buildings?

Answer 45

Through openings or cracks in the foundation

Question 46

Where are people generally exposed to radon gas?

Answer 46

Home or workplace

Question 47

What is the cancer incidence attributed to radon poisoning?

Answer 47

``` #2 cause of lung cancer overall #1 cause of lung cancer in non-smokers. ```

Question 48

Radon and CO are odorless, colorless gasses, but arsenic is...

Answer 48

Odorless and flavorless

Question 49

How harmful is arsenic?

Answer 49

Large amounts can kill human quickly. Small, long-term exposure can lead to a much slower death or other illness.

Question 50

How harmful is arsenic?

Answer 50

Large amounts can kill human quickly. Small, long-term exposure can lead to a much slower death or other illness.

Question 51

What is the first stage of arsenic poisoning/toxicity?

Answer 51

First stage: metallic taste in mouth, excessive saliva production, problems swallowing

Question 52

What is the next

Answer 52

Next stage: vomiting and diarrhea, garlic-like breath, stomach cramps, and excessive sweating.

Question 53

What is the second stage of arsenic poisoning/toxicity?

Answer 53

Next stage: vomiting and diarrhea, garlic-like breath, stomach cramps, and excessive sweating.

Question 54

What is the final stage of arsenic poisoning?

Answer 54

Seizures and shock, death within a few hours (or after a few days with renal failure)

Question 55

What are the 2 ways you are likely to experience mercury toxicity?

Answer 55

Eating mercury contaminated fish | Direct exposure

Question 56

FDA limit for human consumption of mercury is 1 part per million; mostly occurs in which fish?

Answer 56

Shark, tuna, and swordfish

Question 57

What is the toxicity limit of mercury (with tuna consumption) for pregnant women?

Answer 57

Should not consume > 7 oz of tuna per week

Question 58

What two organs are most effected by mercury toxicity?

Answer 58

Brain and kidney

Question 59

Who is most susceptible to lead poisoning?

Answer 59

Children. More than 400,000 children

Question 60

What organ is most effected in children with lead exposure?

Answer 60

No organ system is immune, but brain is most concerning.

Question 61

What is a tell tale symptom of lead poisoning in children?

Answer 61

Blue gums

Question 62

Where does the greatest source of aluminum exposure come from?

Answer 62

Municipal water supply

Question 63

What symptoms of which conditions does aluminum toxicity mimic?

Answer 63

Many symptoms mimic those of Alzheimer's disease and osteoporosis

Question 64

Where do dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) come from?

Answer 64

Industrial solvents/lubricants/byproducts