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BIO 1240 Fr > EXAM III > Flashcards

EXAM III Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

all alleles from all the gametes produced in each generation

A

gene pool

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2
Q

allele frequency equation from HWE

A

P+Q=1

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3
Q

genotype frequency equation from HWE

A

p2+2pq+q2=1

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4
Q

what does not occur in HWE

A

evolution

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5
Q

what are 5 assumptions of HWE

A
  1. no mutations
  2. no genetic drift
  3. no gene flow
  4. no natural selection
  5. Random mating (no sexual selection)
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6
Q

what are 4 conditions for natural selection is occurring

A
  1. variation exists among individuals in a population
  2. traits are heritable
  3. survival and reproductive success: too many offspring are produced
  4. heritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce: it is not random
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7
Q

what is a takeaway from natural selection

A

evolution by natural selection occurs when heritable variation leads to differential reproductive success

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8
Q

fitness

A

when an organism can reproduce surviving fertile offspring more than other individuals in the same population

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9
Q

alleles that increase _______ _____ also are the same alleles that increase their _______

A

reproductive success & fitness

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10
Q

the allele that is the most successful will lead to _______

A

adaptation

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11
Q

allele that leads to adaptation will eventually increase in ______ in the population

A

frequency

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12
Q

genetic variation

A

number and relative frequency of alleles that are present in a particular population

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13
Q

what 4 patterns does natural selection affect genetic variation

A
  1. directional
  2. stabilizing
  3. disruptive
  4. balancing
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14
Q

directional selection

A

favoring one trait and reducing variation

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15
Q

stabilizing selection

A

reduces variation & an example is human babies

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16
Q

disruptive selection

A

favors 2 traits and increases variation

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17
Q

what are 2 types of sexual selection

A
  1. intersexual selection
  2. intrasexual selection
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18
Q

intersexual selection

A

female choosing males

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19
Q

intrasexual selection

A

males vs. males for a female (male competition)

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20
Q

saying to know the difference between genetic drift and gene flow

A

genetic drift drops and lifts; gene flow goes to and fro

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21
Q

genetic drift

A

change in allele frequency in a population due to chance

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22
Q

3 examples of genetic drift

A
  1. random with respect to fitness
  2. most pronounced in small populations
  3. overtime, alleles can be lost or fixation (taking over the population)
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23
Q

founder effect

A

change in allele frequencies that occurs when a new population is established

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24
Q

genetic bottleneck

A

sudden reduction in diversity of alleles in a population

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25
take away from genetic drift
no matter which type of genetic drift occurs, the smallest allele frequency will most likely experience a loss or fixation
26
gene flow
movement of alleles between populations
27
how is Meiosis I and the law of segregation related
physical separation of homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis I is responsible for Mendel's principle of segregation (monohybrid)
28
y-linked gene
Ex. SRY gene (gives off male features) not many because it's significantly shorter than the X chromosome
29
How is meiosis II and principles of independent assortment related
30
Characteristics of Pedigree X-linked Recessive
1. Males mostly affected 2. never passed father to son 3. affected sons= carrier mothers 4. trait often skips generations
31
Characteristics of Pedigree X-linked Dominant
1. Affected daughters= affected fathers or affected mother 2. affected son= affected mothers 3. traits DOES NOT skip generations
32
Density-Dependent Factors:
abiotic: predation, food supply, water supply,
33
density-independent Factors:
natural disaster, volcanoes etc.
34
3 types of population density
1. Random 2. Clumped 3. Uniform
35
What are 2 reasons a population could grow
births and immigration
36
what are 2 reasons the population could decline
deaths and emigration
37
demography
study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time
38
R0<1
population is decreasing
39
R0>1
population is increasing
40
R0=1
population is constant
41
Types of Survivorship
1. Type I 2. Type II 3. Type III
42
Type I
live a long time (humans)
43
Type II
same probability of dying in each year of life (birds)
44
Type III
Extremely high death rates (insects)
45
The relation between fecundity and survivorship
high fecunity= low survivorship
46
Net Reproductive Rate equation
sum of lx(mx)=R0
47
per capita growth rate equation
r=lnR0/g
47
per capita growth rate equation
r=lnR0/g
48
How to calculate population size @ end of desired time
t=N0ert (t in days)
49
logistic growth
if population (N) is below carrying capacity(K) then the population will continue to grow
50
logistic growth is close to 1
When N is small
51
logistic growth is smaller
when N is large
52
logistic growth= 0
when N is at carrying capcity
53
monohybrid cross
Single trait (AaxAA)
54
dihybrid cross
2 traits (SsTt x SSTT)
55
no natural selection
all individuals contribute equally to gene pool
56
no genetic drift
(Random allele frequency changes) -change in allele frequencies due to chance
57
no mutation
no new alleles introduced into gene pool
58
gene
a hereditary factor that influences a particular trait
59
allele
a particular form a gene
60
genotype
a listing of the alleles of particular genes in an individual
61
phenotype
an individual observable trait
62
hybrid cross
offspring from crosses between homozygous parents with different genotypes
63
reciprocal cross
a cross in which the phenotypes of the male and female are reversed compared with a prior cross
64
testcross
a cross of homozygous recessive individuals and an individual with the dominant phenotype but an unknown genotype
65
principle of independent assortment
2 copies of each gene segregate into gametes independently of the 2 copies of another gene (dihybrid crosses)
66
law of segregation
individuals inherit 2 copes of each gene, one from the mother and one from the father, and when individuals form reproductive cells, the 2 copies separate equally in the eggs and sperm (monohybrid crosses)
67
what is the phenotype and genotype ratio for a cross of 2 heterozygous parents?
genotype: 1:2:1 phenotype: 3:1

BIO 1240 Fr (3 decks)

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